What is better for a retaining wall, timber sleepers or blocks?

Treated timber is approved for in ground use and has a reasonable service life, however block retaining walls and concrete sleeper retaining walls are more durable having a greater life expectancy. This is based on suitable footings & good drainage. Both Blocks and concrete sleepers come in a wide range of colours, sizes and styles to create a more aesthetic landscape. Common styles of retainers walls to consider are timber sleep retaining walls, link wall or link block retaining walls and concrete sleeper walls

Should I pave or concrete?

While concrete certainly has its benefits, pavers give a more aesthetic finish to a landscape area. Pavers area available in range of colours, texture, styles and sizes. Larger format, 400mm and 500mm pavers have become increasingly popular with modern and contemporary landscape designs. Pavers are also commonly used for garden borders and edges for their straight line finish which is widely desired in modern landscape construction.

Do I need landscape design plans before I get a construction quote?

Yes. A landscape design will allow us to discuss the project with enough detail to allow for an accurate price estimate. This design process will also determine whether council approvals are required, which can impact cost and timing.

Gardener Whale Beach

Need 5 star rated Gardeners in Whale Beach? All Green Gardening and Landscaping is one stop for all your gardening and landscaping needs. We offer mulching, weeding, lawn care, turfing, and rubbish removal. With our five star rated services in your local area, we stand as one of the best gardening contractors near you.

Our maintenance services are provided by experienced gardeners. Attention to detail is our main priority and we have always provided excellent gardening services. Need some help with Gardening or installing garden beds? Our gardening services in Sydney is highly recommended and has always provided high-quality services to the residents of Whale Beach.

Call 0410 196 069

In Search of a Local Gardener Near You to cover all your Gardening Services at an affordable price?

We can provide a written, no-obligation quote upfront, so you know what your costs for gardening services in Whale Beach will be in advance before any work commences. Before we can estimate the price for a garden, we typically need to see it. This will give us an opportunity to assess your garden and what it needs, provide you with our advice and suggestions, and provide you with a gardening service estimate.

Whether you need a little help deciding or your garden has gone rogue and you don’t know where to start, we’ll come to the rescue with a plan of action. We’ll let you know what we think your garden needs, and you can decide what to include and what to leave out. Our team will then discuss the work with you, quote you a price, and get started if you agree. We don’t charge a call-out fee and you won’t pay a cent until you’re happy with our work! You are only charged for time worked, and we do not overestimate the time needed to meet the job requirements. We only charge you for the work we do for you, and for how long we take to complete it. We will don’t charge you more than we quoted unless you agree.

Our fully trained Whale Beach team can advise on all elements of garden care. Ask them about seasonal soil ph level testing and soil composition, plant selection, placement, fertilizing and mulching, which lawns work best where and why, how to promote strong root systems in different plants, how to avoid damaging plants and flowers when fertilizing, to which wetting agents and watering systems to install. Our team of All Green Gardening and Landscaping professionals know these things, and can call on the experts when they need a second opinion or a little extra help to complete the job efficiently, so you don’t have to worry about your yard.

Garden Care Whale Beach

The most beautiful and thriving gardens are the product of hours of dedication and care. Regular maintenance is absolutely essential to getting that perfect look. To get the best results, you have to tend to the garden from mowing and weeding to fertilizing and improving the soil. This is a significant problem for most homeowners today. They want a beautifully manicured lawn and garden, but they do not have the necessary time to dedicate to growing or maintaining it. Keep an eye out on our Facebook page for all new Specials and deals.

What started out as a labor of love soon turns into an obligation you just don’t have time to fulfill. And the longer you postpone taking care of a garden or lawn, the more time you will have to spend fixing it up. This is a situation where people fail to make the most of their outdoor space.

With decades of experience between us, the garden care Whale Beach team understand the industry. Whether it’s designing a kick-ass garden or going into battle against an army of pests, All Green Gardening and Landscaping will do it with a smile. From landscape garden design to soil and plant health, pest and weed control, pruning, and lawn care, we have the experience you and your garden needs.

Garden Care Service Whale Beach

When designing a garden, it’s useful to know what plants will enjoy the soil and climate conditions, what width and height they will grow to, what water and nutrient needs they have, how much sun they will need, what pests will show up and how to deal with them if/when they do, bird and insect attraction, etc.

All Green Gardening and Landscaping have the knowledge and experience to design a beautiful garden that is tailored to your needs. We’ll ask you questions about what you want from your garden and how much effort you are prepared to put in to maintain it, then we’ll draw up a design for your consideration showing all the plants in their mature form so you will see the colours and sizes they will grow to as the garden establishes itself. The attention to detail we give to our designs is also reflected in our other garden services to give you complete confidence in the work we do for you.

We have years of experience and are trusted by countless clients to provide our services to them year after year. Call us today or use the contact us page to let us know how we can help you with any aspect of garden care Whale Beach.

Garden Maintenance Whale Beach

It is difficult to maintain a beautiful garden. It is a process, which requires regular upkeep, effort, and a lot of free time that not everyone has. Every garden is special, so we carry out a bespoke gardening service for every single one of our clients. We try to make the most out of your garden’s natural assets and that is why our services are not overpriced. All of the technicians we work with are fully equipped with the right tools and machines to complete the job. They also wear overshoes and coverings to keep your property clean in case they can only enter the garden through your home.

Our experienced team understands how best to care for Whale Beach, NSW 2107 different types of grasses. We have the right knowledge, professional approach, and well-maintained commercial ride-on mowing equipment designed to handle commercial lawn mowing, acreage lawn mowing, and grass slashing.

The All Green Gardening and Landscaping professional gardeners will arrive fully prepared to provide the service. These tools include, but are not limited to lawnmowers, spades, hedge trimmers, whipper snippers, shovels, trowels, and much more. Keeping your lawn neat and tidy is only one part of the whole job. In order to have the perfect green paradise, you will have to take care of the rest of your garden, as well. This is why we highly recommend the full treatment of your garden.

Gardening Needs Whale Beach

Booking a garden care service with us gives you flexibility, not only regarding the large service variety we offer but also in terms of scheduling options and the fact that no garden is too large or overgrown for us! Whether you have a small back garden that needs a little tidying up or a huge neglected lawn that needs to be reborn once again, you can count on us. When you book with us, you get qualified, experienced gardeners at your disposal.

Thousands of successful jobs and satisfied customers testify to our quality of work. Your needs are the number one priority for us. Our experts will consult with you throughout the entire process to ensure everything is done according to your preferences. All tools and gardening supplies are included in the final price.

If garden maintenance is the bane of your existence, chewing up your spare time and energy, which you’d rather expend on other tasks and activities, call All Green Gardening and Landscaping. We love maintaining gardens for commercial and residential clients. We actually get a kick out of leaving a garden neat, tidy, green, and clean!

Frequently Asked Questions

Find the reticulation connection to the water mains. You will find a solenoid valve that has isolated the system from the mains. The valve has failed internally and is not opening fully. We recommend hiring an expert to replace it. If you have a bore, the pump or bore needs to be fixed by an expert.

Very little maintenance is required. Just sweep off any leaves or gently use a leaf blower. You can hose off any spills or pet messes. For pet solids, you just scoop up in the traditional way. You can hose or wipe down with cold water if required. To lift the fibres just use a broom to sweep in the opposite direction to your view point.

We charge per hour approx. $40 + GST + depending on the job. We also provide fixed cost quoted which are cheaper for you if the job is larger than expected.

Current Job Postings

Looking to be apart of the All Green Gardening & Landscaping Team, email us your Job Interest as we are looking for local landscapers and local gardeners in Sydney to start immediately.

jobs@allgreen-gardening-landscaping.com.au

Beluga whales
Leopold Island, Lancaster Sound, Nunavut, Canada

Beluga whales
These belugas were racing back and forth along the shore in water that was less than 2m deep. Leopold Island, Lancaster Sound, Nunavut, Canada

Beluga whales
Leopold Island, Lancaster Sound, Nunavut, Canada

Beluga whale
Leopold Island, Lancaster Sound, Nunavut, Canada

Delisouls Double-Sided Flip Soft Toys, Reversible Little Whale Plush Toys Creative Flip Plush Doll, Cute Stuffed Animals Doll Toys Gifts for Kids Boys Girls (Whale)
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Whales Tail Sunset - Lanes Cove
Sunset from Lanes Cove, Gloucester, MA - Saturday April 10, 2021

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The White Whale. In Melville's great book, Moby Dick, Captain Ahab madly pursues a great white whale, which leads to his destruction. The whale is certainly a symbolic figure, with many literary interpretations. This whale is real, however. I took this photo in in September 2018 in a bay of the Valdes Peninsula jutting out into the South Atlantic from the Argentine coast. Actually, this is a baby whale, only about 20 feet long. He (or she) is swimming just above his/her mother in the water below. The mother whale is about 50 feet in length. The while color is a mutation, albinism of sorts. Look at the whale, and the white whale-like cloud in the sky above. Kind of a neat picture.

2021-04-14 “whales guaranteed” truck
Sitting in Anacortes

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Photo taken from a private boat.

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Photo taken from a private boat.

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Photo taken from a private boat.

Monochrome, Coastal Town, Lower Town Fishguard, Pembrokeshire, Wales.
Fishguard (Welsh: Abergwaun, meaning "Mouth of the River Gwaun") is a coastal town in Pembrokeshire, Wales, with a population of 3,419 in 2011; the community of Fishguard and Goodwick had a population of 5,407. Modern Fishguard consists of two parts, Lower Fishguard and the "Main Town". Fishguard and Goodwick are twin towns with a joint Town Council. Lower Fishguard is believed to be the site of the original hamlet from which modern Fishguard has grown. It is in a deep valley where the River Gwaun meets the sea, hence the Welsh name for Fishguard. It is a typical fishing village with a short tidal quay. The settlement stretches along the north slope of the valley. The main town contains the parish church, the High Street and most of the modern development, and lies upon the hill to the south of Lower Fishguard, to which it is joined by a steep and winding road. The part of the town that faces Goodwick grew in the first decade of the 20th century with the development of Fishguard Harbour. Etymology The English name Fishguard derives from Old Norse Fiskigarðr meaning "fish catching enclosure",[2] cognate with Modern English fish + yard. In Welsh, Abergwaun means "the mouth of the River Gwaun", the name of the river referring to the high, wet, level ground of a marsh or moor.[3][4] History Fishguard Town Hall Upper and lower Fishguard, c. 1830 Fishguard is within the historic Welsh cantref of Cemais, and part of the Welsh province of Dyfed, within the historic Principality of Deheubarth.[5] The coasts of Wales were subject to Norse raids during the Viking era, and in the latter part of the 10th century Norse trading posts and settlements emerged within Dyfed, with Fishguard established sometime between 950 and 1000 AD.[5] In 1078 Goodwick Moor, was the scene of a bloody battle in which Rhys, son of Owain ap Edwyn, was defeated and slain by Trahaearn ap Caradog (Brut y Tywysogion) in the Battle of Pwllgwdg, The English place name indicates that there may have been a Scandinavian trading post, although no evidence has been found.[6] However the "V" shaped stone structures of ancient fish traps can still be seen at low tide on both sides of the bay and it is believed these were the foundations for wooden fences that would trap the fish as the tide went out. Other examples can be found around the country and they probably date from Saxon times, though similar devices have been in use since Neolithic times. Called Fiscard until the turn of the 19th century when the name was Anglicised, Fishguard was a marcher borough and in 1603 was described as one of five Pembrokeshire boroughs overseen by a portreeve.[7] The Norman settlement lay along what is now High Street between the church at its north end and the remains of a Norman motte at its south end. In 1912, Denys Corbett Wilson made the first flight between Britain and Ireland. Starting his journey from Hendon aerodrome on 17 April 1912, he eventually landed in Goodwick on 21 April having made a few unscheduled stops along the way. He then set off from a field near Harbour Village at 5:47 on 22 April and crash-landed 100 minutes later in Crane near Enniscorthy in County Wexford. Lower Fishguard developed as a herring fishery and port, trading with Ireland, Bristol and Liverpool. In the late 18th century it had 50 coasting vessels, and exported oats and salt herring.[8] In 1779, the port was raided by the privateer Black Prince,[9] which bombarded the town when the payment of a £1,000 ransom was refused. As a result, Fishguard Fort was completed in 1781, overlooking Lower Fishguard.[10] The port declined in the latter half of the 19th century. Fishguard's ancient Royal Oak public house was the site of the signing of surrender after the Battle of Fishguard. This brief campaign, on 22–24 February 1797, is the most recent landing on British soil by a hostile foreign force, and thus is often referred to as the "last invasion of mainland Britain". A force of 1,400 French soldiers landed near Fishguard but surrendered two days later.[11] The story is told in the Fishguard Tapestry created for the 200th anniversary to emulate the Bayeux Tapestry, and is displayed in the Town Hall Library. A 19th-century vicar of Fishguard, the Rev. Samuel Fenton MA, wrote the book The History of Pembrokeshire.[12] The ancient Parliamentary Borough of Fishguard was contributory to the Borough of Haverfordwest. In 1907, it was created an urban district, which included Goodwick from 1934 until it was abolished in 1974. During the Second World War, the Fishguard Bay Hotel was Station IXc of Special Operations Executive where submersibles were tested in Fishguard Bay. Fishguard & Goodwick Golf Club was founded in 1921 and closed in the 1960s.[13] Geography [Interactive fullscreen map] The town is situated at the back of a north facing bay known as Fishguard Bay (Welsh: Bae Abergwaun) which offers protection from waves generated by prevailing westerly winds. It has a relatively mild climate due to its coastal position. The winds coming from the west or south-west have a determining influence on temperature and precipitation. There is an islet in Fishguard Bay, Needle Rock which reaches 131 feet (40 metres). Wildlife around Fishguard is rich with a wide variety of colourful wild flowers and sea mammals including the grey seal, porpoises and dolphins. The local birdlife include Eurasian curlew, common redshank and sanderling regularly foraging in the lower Fishguard Harbour and European stonechat, great cormorant and northern fulmar can be seen from the coastal path. Demography According to the United Kingdom Census 2001, Fishguard had 3,193 inhabitants and 1,465 households. In 2001, 39.8% of the population could speak Welsh. This compares with 58.9% in 1951 and 90.3% in 1901. The population of 3,193 breaks down as follows: Age DistributionFishguardPembrokeshire 0–4 years5.8%5.8% 5–15 years13.0%14.6% 16–19 years3.7%4.8% 20–44 years24.4%28.4% 45–64 years25.2%27.2% 65+ years27.9%19.2% Landmarks Outside Fishguard there is a stone monument commemorating the signing of the Peace Treaty after the last invasion of Britain in 1797. Women dressed in Welsh costume are said to have startled the invaders. The 19th-century parish church of St Mary's contains a memorial stone to the heroine Jemima Nicholas, who helped repel the French invasion. There is also a Bi-Centenary memorial stone monument in West Street, Fishguard to commemorate the invasion. A tapestry was created in 1997 to commemorate the invasion and is on display to the public in the Town Hall Library.[14] There are more than 80 listed buildings in and around the town.[15] Community and culture Fishguard has hotels and is the main shopping town of North Pembrokeshire with a market in the town hall on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. Fishguard has a Round Table doing community work including running the Fishguard & Goodwick Carnival and the Fishguard Autumn Festival. The Gwaun Lodge of the Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes, is a charitable organisation within the community who host sponsored events and other community works throughout the year. Fishguard has a 180-seat cinema/theatre called Theatr Gwaun which provides a venue for film, music and live theatre and hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1936 and 1986. Theatr Gwaun also hosts the annual pantomime performed by Fadds, who perform a pantomime every year in late January with a cast formed of members of the local community. Transport Fishguard Harbour railway station Fishguard is the terminus of the London to Fishguard Trunk Road (A40). A regular ferry operated by Stena Line leaves for Rosslare in Ireland from the port of Fishguard Harbour, Goodwick. Following the Brexit withdrawal agreement, freight traffic from Rosslare fell by 50% in January 2021.[16] Rail services are operated by Transport for Wales Rail from Fishguard Harbour railway station and Fishguard and Goodwick railway station stations on the West Wales line to Swansea and Cardiff. Through trains to London were withdrawn in 2004. In the media An aerial view of Fishguard Main Street, Fishguard in 2006 Lower Fishguard was used as "Llareggub" in the film of Dylan Thomas's Under Milk Wood, starring Richard Burton, Elizabeth Taylor and Peter O'Toole. Many local people were involved in the production of this film as background characters. The film Moby Dick (starring Gregory Peck) was filmed there in 1955. Business Fishguard and Goodwick Chamber of Trade and Tourism is a business support group. Notable people See Category:People from Fishguard Jemima Nicholas, armed only with a pitchfork, single-handedly captured 12 French soldiers in 1797. Willie Thomas (1866–1921), rugby player Arthur Wade-Evans (1875–1964), historian Sue Jones-Davies, actress and singer, attended Fishguard County Secondary School during the 1960s. Mark Delaney, footballer, grew up in Fishguard. Cerys Matthews, lead singer of Catatonia went to Ysgol Bro Gwaun. Twinning Fishguard is twinned with France Loctudy, Brittany, France Pembrokeshire (/ˈpɛmbrʊkʃɪər/ or /ˈpɛmbrʊkʃər/; Welsh: Sir Benfro [ˈsiːr ˈbɛnvrɔ]) is a county in the southwest of Wales. It is bordered by Carmarthenshire to the east, Ceredigion to the northeast, and the sea[note 1] everywhere else. The county is home to Pembrokeshire Coast National Park, the only national park in the United Kingdom established primarily because of the coastline; the Park occupies more than a third of the area of the county and includes the Preseli Hills in the north as well as the 190-mile (310 km) Pembrokeshire Coast Path. Industry is nowadays focused on agriculture (86 per cent of land use), oil and gas, and tourism; Pembrokeshire's beaches have won many awards. Historically, mining and fishing were important activities. The county has a diverse geography with a wide range of geological features, habitats and wildlife. Its prehistory and modern history have been extensively studied, from tribal occupation, through Roman times, to Welsh, Irish, Norman, English, Scandinavian and Flemish influences. Pembrokeshire County Council's headquarters are in the county town of Haverfordwest. The council has a majority of Independent members, but the county's representatives in both the Welsh and Westminster Parliaments are Conservative. Pembrokeshire's population was 122,439 at the 2011 census, an increase of 7.2 per cent from the 2001 figure of 114,131. Ethnically, the county is 99 per cent white and, for historical reasons, Welsh is more widely spoken in the north of the county than in the south. Settlements See List of places in Pembrokeshire for a comprehensive list of settlements in Pembrokeshire. The county town is Haverfordwest. Other towns include Pembroke, Pembroke Dock, Milford Haven, Fishguard, Tenby, Narberth, Neyland and Newport. In the west of the county, St Davids is the United Kingdom's smallest city in terms of both size and population (1,841 in 2011). Saundersfoot is the most populous village (more than 2,500 inhabitants)[2] in Pembrokeshire. Less than 4 per cent of the county, according to CORINE, is built-on or green urban.[3] Geography Climate Milford Haven Climate chart (explanation) J F M A M J J A S O N D 115 93 90 83 87 104 61 125 52 157 67 1710 53 2012 93 1912 102 1710 131 148 130 115 126 105 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: The Met Office Imperial conversion There are three weather stations in Pembrokeshire: at Tenby, Milford Haven and Penycwm, all on the coast. Milford Haven enjoys a mild climate and Tenby shows a similar range of temperatures throughout the year,[4] while at Penycwm, on the west coast and 100m above sea level, temperatures are slightly lower.[5] Pembrokeshire, though, featured twice in the 2016 wettest places in Wales at Whitechurch in the north of the county (1,390.4mm) and Scolton Country Park (1,284.8mm), near Haverfordwest. Orielton was the tenth driest place in Wales in 2016.[6] The county has on average the highest coastal winter temperatures in Wales due to its proximity to the relatively warm Atlantic Ocean. Inland, average temperatures tend to fall 0.5 °C for each 100 metres increase in height.[7] The air pollution rating of Pembrokeshire is "Good", the lowest rating.[8] Geology The rocks in the county were formed between 600 and 290 million years ago. More recent rock formations were eroded when sea levels rose 80 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous Period. Around 60 million years ago, the Pembrokeshire landmass emerged through a combination of uplift and falling sea levels; the youngest rocks, from the Carboniferous Period, contain the Pembrokeshire Coalfield.[9] The landscape was subject to considerable change as a result of ice ages; about 20,000 years ago the area was scraped clean of soil and vegetation by the ice sheet; subsequently, meltwater deepened the existing river valleys.[10][11] While Pembrokeshire is not usually a seismically active area, in August 1892 there was a series of pronounced activities (maximum intensity: 7) over a six-day period.[12]:184 Coastline and landscape map of area of national park in the county Pembrokeshire Coast National Park shown in green The Pembrokeshire coastline includes numerous bays and sandy beaches. The Pembrokeshire Coast National Park, the only park in the UK established primarily because of its coastline, occupies more than a third of the county. The park contains the Pembrokeshire Coast Path, a near-continuous 186-mile (299 km) long-distance trail from Amroth, by the Carmarthenshire border in the southeast, to St Dogmaels just down the River Teifi estuary from Cardigan, Ceredigion, in the north.[13] The National Trust owns 60 miles (97 km) of Pembrokeshire's coast.[14] Nowhere in the county is more than 10 miles (16 km) from tidal water. The large estuary and natural harbour of Milford Haven cuts deep into the coast; this inlet is formed by the confluence of the Western Cleddau (which flows through Haverfordwest), the Eastern Cleddau, and rivers Cresswell[15] and Carew. Since 1975, the estuary has been bridged by the Cleddau Bridge,[16] a toll bridge carrying the A477 between Neyland and Pembroke Dock. Large bays are Newport Bay, Fishguard Bay, St Bride's Bay and western Carmarthen Bay. There are several small islands off the Pembrokeshire coast, the largest of which are Ramsey, Grassholm, Skokholm, Skomer and Caldey.[17] The seas around Skomer and Skokholm, and some other areas off the Pembrokeshire coast are Marine protected areas.[18] There are many known shipwrecks off the Pembrokeshire coast with many more undiscovered.[19][20] A Viking wreck off The Smalls has protected status.[21] The county has six lifeboat stations, the earliest of which was established in 1822; in 2015 a quarter of all Royal National Lifeboat Institution Welsh rescues took place off the Pembrokeshire coast.[22] grey stone blocks in the foreground and hills in the background View from the bluestone quarry to other peaks in the Preseli Hills Pembrokeshire's diverse range of geological features was a key factor in the establishment of the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park and a number of sites of special scientific interest (SSSIs).[23] In the north of the county are the Preseli Hills, a wide stretch of high moorland supporting sheep farming and some forestry, with many prehistoric sites and the probable source of the bluestones used in the construction of the inner circle of Stonehenge in England.[24] The highest point is Foel Cwmcerwyn at 1,759 feet (536 m), which is also the highest point in Pembrokeshire. Elsewhere in the county most of the land (86 per cent according to CORINE) is used for farming, compared with 60 per cent for Wales as a whole.[3] Wildlife Pembrokeshire's wildlife is diverse, with marine, estuary, ancient woodland, moorland and farmland habitats.[25][26] The county has a number of seasonal seabird breeding sites, including for razorbill, guillemot, puffin and Manx shearwater,[27] and rare endemic species such as the red-billed chough.[28]:133–135 Grassholm has a large gannet colony,[29] and seals,[30] whales, dolphins and porpoises can be seen frequently off the Pembrokeshire coast.[31] A rare visit by a walrus occurred in the spring of 2021.[32] An appeal for otter sightings in 2014 yielded more than 100 responses.[33] Pembrokeshire is one of the few places in the UK that is home to the rare Southern damselfly, Coenagrion mercuriale, which is found at a number of locations in the county.[34] History exterior view of prehistoric structure Pentre Ifan neolithic burial chamber Human habitation of the region that is now Pembrokeshire extends back to between 125,000 and 70,000 years[35]:3 and there are numerous prehistoric (such as Pentre Ifan) sites and much earlier neolithic remains, more of which were revealed in an aerial survey during the 2018 heatwave;[36] in the same year, a 1st-century Celtic chariot burial was discovered, the first such find in Wales.[37][38] Roman period Map dated 1450-75 based on Ptolemy's "Geography" written c. 150 There is little evidence of Roman occupation in what is now Pembrokeshire. Ptolemy's Geography, written c. 150, mentioned some coastal places, two of which have been identified as the River Teifi and what is now St Davids Head, but most Roman writers did not mention the area; there may have been a Roman settlement near St Davids and a road from Bath, but this comes from a 14th-century writer. Any evidence for villas or Roman building materials reported by mediaeval or later writers has not been verified, though some were identified near Dale by Richard Fenton in his Historical Tour of 1810.[39]:144 Part of a possible Roman road is noted by CADW near Llanddewi Velfrey,[40] and another near Wiston.[41] Wiston is also the location of the first Roman fort discovered in Pembrokeshire, investigated in 2013.[42] Some artefacts, including coins and weapons, have been found, but it is not clear whether these belonged to Romans or to a Romanised population. Welsh tradition has it that Magnus Maximus founded Haverfordwest, and took a large force of local men on campaign in Gaul in 383 which, together with the reduction of Roman forces in south Wales, left a defensive vacuum which was filled by incomers from Ireland.[43]:37–51 Sub-Roman period Dyfed, after the late 7th century, showing its seven cantrefi Between 350 and 400, an Irish tribe known as the Déisi settled in the region known to the Romans as Demetae.[35]:52,17,30,34 The Déisi merged with the local Welsh, with the regional name underlying Demetae evolving into Dyfed, which existed as an independent petty kingdom from the 5th century.[35]:52,72,85,87 In 904, Hywel Dda married Elen (died 943),[44] daughter of the king of Dyfed Llywarch ap Hyfaidd, and merged Dyfed with his own maternal inheritance of Seisyllwg, forming the new realm of Deheubarth ("southern district"). Between the Roman and Norman periods, the region was subjected to raids from Vikings, who established settlements and trading posts at Haverfordwest, Fishguard, Caldey Island and elsewhere.[35]:81–85[39]:135–136 Norman period Dyfed remained an integral province of Deheubarth, but this was contested by invading Normans and Flemings who arrived between 1067 and 1111.[35]:98 The region became known as Pembroke (sometimes archaic "Penbroke"[45]:53–230), after the Norman castle built in the cantref of Penfro. In 1136, Prince Owain Gwynedd at Crug Mawr near Cardigan met and destroyed a 3,000-strong Norman/Flemish army and incorporated Deheubarth into Gwynedd.[46]:80–85[35]:124 Norman/Flemish influence never fully recovered in West Wales.[47]:79 In 1138, the county of Pembrokeshire was named as a county palatine. Rhys ap Gruffydd, the son of Owain Gwynedd's daughter Gwenllian, re-established Welsh control over much of the region and threatened to retake all of Pembrokeshire, but died in 1197. After Deheubarth was split by a dynastic feud, Llywelyn the Great almost succeeded in retaking the region of Pembroke between 1216 and his death in 1240.[35]:106,112,114 Middle ages From 1284, when the Statute of Rhuddlan was enacted to establish the rule of law in Wales,[48] there followed a period of relative peace in Pembrokeshire for more than 100 years. The establishment or re-establishment of a large number of castles under the Marcher Lords reinforced this.[43]:176 exterior of a large medieval castle with water in foreground Pembroke Castle, birthplace of Henry VII Henry Tudor, born at Pembroke Castle in 1457, landed an army in Pembrokeshire in 1485 and marched to Cardigan.[43]:223 Rallying support, he continued to Leicestershire and defeated the larger army of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. As Henry VII, he became the first monarch of the House of Tudor, which ruled England until 1603.[49]:337–379 The Laws in Wales Act 1535 effectively abolished the powers of the Marcher Lords and divided the county into seven hundreds, roughly corresponding to the seven pre-Norman cantrefi of Dyfed.[43]:247[50] The hundreds were (clockwise from the northeast): Cilgerran, Cemais, Dewisland, Roose, Castlemartin, Narberth and Dungleddy and each was divided into civil parishes;[51] a 1578 map in the British Library is the earliest known to show parishes and chapelries in Pembrokeshire.[52] The Elizabethan era brought renewed prosperity to the county through an opening up of rural industries, including agriculture, mining and fishing, with exports to England and Ireland, though the formerly staple woollen industry had all but disappeared.[43]:310 During the First English Civil War (1642–1646) the county gave strong support to the Roundheads (Parliamentarians), in contrast to the rest of Wales, which was staunchly Royalist. In spite of this, an incident in Pembrokeshire triggered the opening shots of the Second English Civil War when local units of the New Model Army mutinied. Oliver Cromwell defeated the uprising at the Siege of Pembroke in July 1648.[53]:437–438 On 13 August 1649, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland began when New Model Army forces sailed from Milford Haven.[54] 18th and 19th centuries 1819 Ordnance Survey map of north and west Pembrokeshire In 1720, Emmanuel Bowen[55] described Pembrokeshire as having five market towns, 45 parishes and about 4,329 houses, with an area of 420,000 acres (1,700 km2). In 1791 a petition was presented to the House of Commons concerning the poor state of many of the county's roads, pointing out that repairs could not be made compulsory by the law as it stood. The petition was referred to committee.[56]:178 People applying for poor relief were often put to work mending roads. Workhouses were poorly documented. Under the Poor Laws, costs and provisions were kept to a minimum, but the emphasis was often on helping people to be self-employed. While the Poor Laws provided a significant means of support, there were many charitable and benefit societies.[57] After the Battle of Fishguard, the failed French invasion of 1797, 500 French prisoners were held at Golden Hill Farm, Pembroke.[58] From 1820 to 1878 one of the county's prisons, with a capacity of 86, was in the grounds of Haverfordwest Castle.[59] In 1831, the area of the county was calculated to be 345,600 acres (1,399 km2) with a population of 81,424.[55] It was not until nearly the end of the 19th century that mains water was provided to rural south Pembrokeshire by means of a reservoir at Rosebush and cast iron water pipes throughout the district.[60] 20th century Pembrokeshire County War Memorial, near County Hall Throughout much of the 20th century (1911 to 1961) the population density in the county remained stable while it rose in England and Wales as a whole.[61] There was considerable military activity in Pembrokeshire and offshore in the 20th century: a naval base at Milford Haven because German U-boats were active off the coast in World War I[62] and, in World War II, military exercises in the Preseli Hills and a number of military airfields.[63] The wartime increase in air activity saw a number of aircraft accidents and fatalities, often due to unfamiliarity with the terrain.[64] From 1943 to 1944, 5,000 soldiers from the United States Army's 110th Infantry Regiment were based in the county, preparing for D-Day.[65][66] Military and industrial targets in the county were subjected to bombing during World War II.[67] After the end of the war, German prisoners of war were accommodated in Pembrokeshire, the largest prison being at Haverfordwest, housing 600.[68] The County of Pembroke War Memorial in Haverfordwest carries the names of 1,200 of those that perished in World War I.[69] In 1972, a second reservoir for south Pembrokeshire, at Llys y Fran, was completed.[70] Demography Graphic showing the proportion of Welsh speakers throughout Wales in 2011 Proportion of Welsh speakers (Wales 2011 census) in Pembrokeshire (county border shown by white line) Population Pembrokeshire's population was 122,439 at the 2011 census.[71] Language As a result of differential immigration over hundreds of years, such as the influx of Flemish people,[72] the south of the county has fewer Welsh-speaking inhabitants (about 15 per cent) than the north (about 50 per cent). The rough line that can be drawn between the two regions, illustrated by the map, is known as the Landsker Line, and the area south of the line has been termed "Little England Beyond Wales". The first objective, statistically based description of this demarcation was made in the 1960s,[73]:7–29 but the distinction was remarked upon as early as 1603 by George Owen of Henllys.[74] A 21st century introduction of Welsh place names for villages which have always been known by their English names has caused some controversy.[75] Religion In 1851, a religious census of Pembrokeshire showed that of 70 per cent of the population, 53 per cent were nonconformists and 17 per cent Church of England (now Church in Wales).[76] The 2001 census for Preseli Pembrokeshire constituency showed that 74 per cent were Christian and 25 per cent of no religion (or not stated), with other religions totalling less than 1 per cent. This approximates to the figures for the whole of Wales.[77] Ethnicity In 2001, Preseli Pembrokeshire constituency was 99 per cent white European, marginally lower than in 1991, compared with 98 per cent for the whole of Wales. 71 per cent identified their place of birth as Wales and 26 per cent as from elsewhere in the UK.[77] Governance, politics and public services Under the Local Government Act 1888, an elected county council was set up to take over the functions of the Pembrokeshire Quarter Sessions. This and the administrative county of Pembrokeshire were abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, with Pembrokeshire forming two districts of the new county of Dyfed: South Pembrokeshire and Preseli – the split being made at the request of local authorities in the area.[78] In 1996, under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, the county of Dyfed was broken up into its constituent parts, and Pembrokeshire has been a unitary authority since then.[79] In 2017 Pembrokeshire County Council had 60 members and no political party in overall control; there were 34 independent councillors.[80] In 2009, the question of county names and Royal Mail postal addresses was raised in the Westminster parliament; it was argued that Royal Mail's continued use of the county address Dyfed was causing concern and confusion in the Pembrokeshire business community.[79] In 2018, Pembrokeshire County Council increased council tax by 12.5 per cent, the largest increase since 2004, but the county's council tax remains the lowest in Wales.[81] The Pembrokeshire (Communities) Order 2011 established the most recent arrangement of communities (the successors to civil parishes) in the county which have their own councils; see the foot of this page for a list of communities.[82] Since 2010, Pembrokeshire has returned two Conservative MPs to the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster: Stephen Crabb for Preseli Pembrokeshire and Simon Hart for South Pembrokeshire which is represented jointly with West Carmarthenshire.[83] The corresponding Members of the Senedd (MSs) returned to the Senedd (Welsh Parliament) in Cardiff are Paul Davies and Angela Burns respectively, both Conservatives.[84] Pembrokeshire is served by the Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service[85] and Dyfed-Powys Police.[86] Transport modern bridge spanning a broad river Cleddau Bridge There are no motorways in Pembrokeshire; the nearest is the M4 motorway from London which terminates at the Pont Abraham services in Carmarthenshire some 46 miles (74 km) from Haverfordwest. The A40 crosses Pembrokeshire from the border with Carmarthenshire westwards to Haverfordwest, then northwards to Fishguard.[87] The A477 from St. Clears to Pembroke Dock is 24 miles (39 km) long, of which only 2 miles (3.2 km) are dual carriageway. The Cleddau Bridge, toll-free from 28 March 2019,[88] carries the A477 across the Cleddau Estuary. The A478 traverses eastern Pembrokeshire from Tenby in the south to Cardigan, Ceredigion in the north, a distance of 30 miles (48 km). The A487 is the other major route, running northwest from Haverfordwest to St Davids, then northeast following the coast, through Fishguard and Newport, to the boundary with Ceredigion at Cardigan.[87] Owing to length restrictions in Fishguard, some freight vehicles are not permitted to travel northeast from Fishguard but must take a longer route via Haverfordwest and Narberth.[89] The B4329 former turnpike runs from Eglwyswrw in the north to Haverfordwest across the Preseli Hills.[90] The main towns in the county are covered by regular bus and train services, and many villages by local bus services, or community or education transport.[91] Pembrokeshire is served by rail via the West Wales Lines from Swansea. Direct trains from Milford Haven run to Manchester Piccadilly. Branch lines terminate at Pembroke Dock, Milford Haven and Fishguard, linking with ferries to Ireland from Pembroke Dock and Fishguard.[92] Seasonal ferry services operate from Tenby to Caldey Island,[93] from St Justinians (St Davids) to Ramsey Island[94] and Grassholm Island,[95] and from Martin's Haven to Skomer Island.[96] Haverfordwest (Withybush) Airport provides general aviation services.[97] Economy Pembrokeshire's economy now relies heavily on tourism; agriculture, once its most important industry with associated activities such as milling, is still significant. Mining of slate and coal had largely ceased by the 20th century. Since the 1950s, petrochemical and liquid natural gas industries have developed along the Milford Haven Waterway and the county has attracted other major ventures. In 2016, the Rt. Hon. Stephen Crabb, then Welsh Secretary, commented in a government press release: "...with a buoyant local economy, Pembrokeshire is punching above its weight across the UK."[98] Pembrokeshire County Show, celebrating 60 years at Haverfordwest Showground in August 2019, is the largest three-day such event in Wales. Showcasing agriculture, food and drink, sport, entertainment and other activities, it expected 100,000 visitors.[99] Agriculture Until the 12th century, a great extent of Pembrokeshire was virgin woodland. Clearance in the lowland south began under Anglo-Flemish colonisation and under mediaeval tenancies in other areas. Such was the extent of development that by the 16th century there was a shortage of timber in the county. Little is known about mediaeval farming methods, but much arable land was continuously cropped and only occasionally ploughed. By the 18th century, many of the centuries-old open field systems had been enclosed, and much of the land was arable or rough pasture in a ratio of about 1:3.[100] Solva Woollen Mill Solva Woollen Mill Kelly's Directory of 1910 gave a snapshot of the agriculture of Pembrokeshire: 57,343 acres were cropped (almost half under oats and a quarter barley), there were 37,535 acres of grass and clover and 213,387 acres of permanent pasture (of which a third was for hay). There were 128,865 acres of mountain or heathland used for grazing, with 10,000 acres of managed or unmanaged woodland. Estimates of livestock included 17,810 horses, 92,386 cattle, 157,973 sheep and 31,673 pigs. Of 5,981 agricultural holdings, more than half were between 5 and 50 acres.[101] Pembrokeshire had a flourishing wool industry.[102] There are still working woollen mills at Solva and Tregwynt.[103] One of the last few watermills in Wales producing flour is in St Dogmaels.[104] Pembrokeshire has good soil and benefits from the Gulf Stream, which provides a mild climate and a longer growing season than other parts of Wales.[105]:142 Pembrokeshire's mild climate means that crops such as its new potatoes (which have protected geographical status under European law)[106] often arrive in British shops earlier in the year than produce from other parts of the UK. Other principal arable crops are oilseed rape, wheat and barley, while the main non-arable activities are dairy farming for milk and cheese, beef production and sheep farming.[107] The county lends its name to the Pembroke Welsh Corgi, a herding dog whose lineage can be traced back to the 12th century,[108]:6 but which in 2015 was designated as a "vulnerable" breed.[109] Since 2006, Pembrokeshire Local Action Network for Enterprise and Development (PLANED) has provided a forum to promote an integrated approach to rural development, in which communities, public sector and voluntary partners and specialist interest groups come together to influence policy and promote projects aimed at sustainable agriculture. Sub-groups include promoting food and farming in schools and shortening supply chains.[110] Fishing Milford Haven dock, 2009 With Pembrokeshire's extensive coastal areas and tidal river estuaries, fishing was an important industry at least from the 16th century. Many ports and villages were dependent on the fishing.[111] The former large sea fishing industry around Milford Haven is now greatly reduced, although limited commercial fishing still takes place. At its peak, Milford was landing over 40,000 tons of fish a year.[111] Pembrokeshire Fish Week is a biennial event[112] which in 2014 attracted 31,000 visitors and generated £3 million for the local economy.[113] Mining Slate quarrying was a significant industry in the 19th and early 20th centuries with quarrying taking place at about 100 locations throughout the county.[114] Over 50 coal workings in the Pembrokeshire Coalfield were in existence between the 14th and 20th centuries,[115] with the last coal mine, at Kilgetty, closing in 1950.[9][116] Oil, gas and renewable energy View of power Station Pembroke Power Station in 2013 There are two oil refineries, two liquified natural gas (LNG) terminals and the 2,000 MW gas-fired Pembroke Power Station (opened in 2012) at Milford Haven. The LNG terminals on the north side of the river, just outside Milford Haven were opened in 2008;[117] a 196-mile (316 km) pipeline connecting Milford Haven to Tirley in Gloucestershire was completed in 2007.[118] The two oil refineries are operated by Chevron (formerly Texaco) producing 214,000 bbl/d (34,000 m3/d) and Murco (formerly Amoco/Elf) producing 108,000 bbl/d (17,200 m3/d); the latter was sold to Puma Energy in 2015 with the intention of converting it to a storage facility.[119] At the peak, there were a total of five refineries served from around the Haven: the Esso refinery operated from 1960 to 1983, was demolished in the late 1980s and the site converted into the South Hook LNG terminal; the Gulf Refinery operated from 1968 to 1997 and the site now incorporates the Dragon LNG terminal; BP had an oil terminal at Angle Bay which served its refinery at Llandarcy and operated between 1961 and 1985.[120] The Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority has identified a number of areas in which renewable energy can be, and has been, generated in the county.[121] Following several years of planning after the initial impact studies begun in 2011,[122] the first submarine turbine of three was installed in Ramsey Sound in December 2015.[123] The cumulative impact of single and multiple wind turbines is not without controversy[124] and was the subject of a comprehensive assessment in 2013.[125] In 2011 the first solar energy farm in Wales was installed at Rhosygilwen, Rhoshill with 10,000 panels in a field of 6 acres (2.4 ha), generating 1 MW.[126] Tourism View of Barafundle Beach from a high vantage point Barafundle Beach, a recipient of both the 2019 Seaside and Green Coastal awards Pembrokeshire's tourism portal is Visit Pembrokeshire, run by Pembrokeshire County Council.[127] In 2015 4.3 million tourists visited the county, staying for an average of 5.24 days, spending £585 million; the tourism industry supported 11,834 jobs.[128] Many of Pembrokeshire's beaches have won awards,[129] including Poppit Sands and Newport Sands.[130] In 2018, Pembrokeshire received the most coast awards in Wales, with 56 Blue Flag, Green Coast or Seaside Awards.[131][132] In the 2019 Wales Coast Awards, 39 Pembrokeshire beaches were recognised, including 11 awarded Blue Flag status.[133] The Pembrokeshire coastline is a major draw to tourists; in 2011 National Geographic Traveller magazine voted the Pembrokeshire Coast the second best in the world and in 2015 the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park was listed among the top five parks in the world by a travel writer for the Huffington Post.[134] Countryfile Magazine readers voted the Pembrokeshire Coast the top UK holiday destination in 2018,[135] and in 2019 Consumers' Association members placed Tenby and St Davids in the top three best value beach destinations in Britain.[136] With few large urban areas, Pembrokeshire is a "dark sky" destination.[137] The many wrecks off the Pembrokeshire coast attract divers.[20] The decade from 2012 saw significant, increasing numbers of Atlantic bluefin tuna, not seen since the 1960s, and now seen by some as an opportunity to encourage tourist sport fishing.[138] The county has a number of theme and animal parks (examples are Folly Farm Adventure Park and Zoo, Manor House Wildlife Park, Blue Lagoon Water Park and Oakwood Theme Park), museums and other visitor attractions including Castell Henllys reconstructed Iron Age fort, Tenby Lifeboat Station and Milford Haven's Torch Theatre.[127] There are 21 marked cycle trails around the county.[139] Pembrokeshire Destination Management Plan for 2020 to 2025 sets out the scope and priorities to grow tourism in Pembrokeshire by increasing its value by 10 per cent in the five years, and to make Pembrokeshire a top five UK destination.[140] Culture Flag The flag of Pembrokeshire consists of a yellow cross on a blue field. In the centre of the cross is a green pentagon bearing a red and white Tudor rose. The rose is divided quarterly and counterchanged: the inner and outer roses have alternating red and white quarters.[141][142] Physical heritage exterior of large ecclesiastial building with tower St Davids Cathedral Pembrokeshire has more than 1,600 listed buildings, ranging from mud huts to castles, and including bridges and other ancient and modern structures, under the auspices of Cadw and the County Council.[143] The National Monuments Record of Wales of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales identifies nearly 6,000 sites in Pembrokeshire as worthy of study, preservation and recording, including prehistoric and modern buildings, wrecks and natural features.[144] There are 10 National Trust properties in Pembrokeshire.[145] The arts and media Music festivals in Pembrokeshire include those at St Davids, Fishguard (folk, jazz and the International Music Festival) and Tenby (Blues Festival).[146] Milford Haven's Torch Theatre produces drama, screens films and holds exhibitions of art and crafts,[147] and there is a theatre-cinema in Fishguard (Theatr Gwaun)[148] and a cinema in Haverfordwest.[149] There are museums and art galleries in several locations in the county, including Scolton Manor, Narberth, Tenby, Milford Haven and Fishguard;[150] in Fishguard, the 100 feet (30 m) long Last Invasion Tapestry, commemorating the Battle of Fishguard in 1797, is on display.[151] Pembrokeshire's coastal landscape and wealth of historic buildings has made it a popular location choice for film and television, including Moby Dick at Fishguard, and the final two Harry Potter films at Freshwater West. Others include: YearFilm titleLocationRefs 1940The Thief of BagdadFreshwater West[152] 1956Moby DickFishguard[153] 1961Fury at Smugglers' BayAbereiddy[154] 1968The Lion in WinterPembroke Castle, Marloes Sands, Milford Haven[153] 1972Under Milk WoodFishguard[153] 1977JabberwockyPembroke Castle & Bosherston[155] 1994DragonworldManorbier[156] 1994The Lifeboat (BBC TV)Pembrokeshire Coast[157] 1998BasilTenby, Manorbier, Bosherston[158] 2003Baltic StormFishguard[159] 2003I Capture The CastleManorbier Castle[160] 2008The Edge of LoveTenby & Laugharne[153] 2010Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1Freshwater West[153] 2010Robin HoodFreshwater West[161]:34 2010Third StarBarafundle Bay, Stackpole Estate[162] 2011Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2Freshwater West[163]:52 2012Snow White and the HuntsmanMarloes Sands[164] 2015Under Milk WoodSolva[165] 2015The Bad Education MoviePembroke Castle[166] 2016Their FinestTrecwn, Haverfordwest, Cresswell Quay, Freshwater West, Porthgain[167] 2016Me Before YouPembroke, Pembroke Castle[168] 2020The Pembrokeshire Murders (TV series)Goodwick, Fishguard, Freshwater East, coast path[169][170] There are seven local newspapers based in Pembrokeshire: the Western Telegraph (the largest in Pembrokeshire), The Milford Mercury, Tenby Observer, Pembroke Observer, County Echo and The Pembrokeshire Herald (founded 2013.[171] The Milford Mercury (circulation 3,681) and Western Telegraph (circulation 19,582) are part of the Newsquest group. Radio Pembrokeshire, and several other West Wales radio stations, were broadcast from Narberth until 2016, when they were relocated to the Vale of Glamorgan, while retaining satellite offices at Narberth and Milford Marina.[172][173] Sport As the national sport of Wales, rugby union is widely played throughout the county at both town and village level. Haverfordwest RFC, founded in 1875, is a feeder club for Llanelli Scarlets. Village team Crymych RFC in 2014 plays in WRU Division One West.[174] There are numerous football clubs in the county, playing in five leagues.[175] Triathlon event Ironman Wales has been held in Pembrokeshire since 2011, contributing £3.7 million to the local economy, and the county committed in 2017 to host the event for a further five years.[176] Ras Beca, a mixed road, fell and cross country race attracting UK-wide competitors, has been held in the Preseli Hills annually since 1977. The record of 32 minutes 5 seconds has stood since 1995.[177] Pembrokeshire Harriers athletics club was formed in 2001 by the amalgamation of Cleddau Athletic Club (established 1970) and Preseli Harriers (1989) and is based in Haverfordwest.[178] The annual Tour of Pembrokeshire road-cycling event takes place over routes of optional length.[179] The 4th Tour, in April 2015, attracted 1,600 riders including Olympic gold medallist Chris Boardman[180] and there were 1,500 entrants to the 2016 event.[181] Part of Route 47 of the Celtic Trail cycle route is in Pembrokeshire. The Llys y Fran Hillclimb is an annual event run by Swansea Motor Club,[182] and there are several other county motoring events held each year.[183] Abereiddy's Blue Lagoon was the venue for a round of the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series in 2012,[184] 2013,[185] and 2016;[186] the Welsh Surfing Federation has held the Welsh National Surfing Championships at Freshwater West for several years,[187] and Llys y Fran Country Park hosted the Welsh Dragonboat Championships from 2014 to 2017.[188][189] While not at major league level, cricket is played throughout the county and many villages such as Lamphey, Creselly, Llangwm, Llechryd and Crymych field teams in minor leagues under the umbrella of the Cricket Board of Wales.[190] Notable people Painting of Henry VII in 1505 wearing a gold collar and holding a rose Henry VII (1505) From mediaeval times, Rhys ap Gruffydd (c. 1132-1197), ruler of the kingdom of Deheubarth, was buried in St Davids Cathedral.[191] and Gerald of Wales was born c. 1146 at Manorbier Castle.[192] Henry Tudor (later Henry VII) was born in 1457 at Pembroke Castle.[193] In later military history, Jemima Nicholas, heroine of the so-called "last invasion of Britain" in 1797, was from Fishguard,[194] Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Picton GCB, born in Haverfordwest, was killed at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815[195] and Private Thomas Collins is believed to be the only Pembrokeshire man that fought in the Battle of Rorke's Drift in 1879.[196] In the arts, siblings Gwen and Augustus John were both born in Pembrokeshire,[197]:251–252 as was the novelist Sarah Waters;[198] singer Connie Fisher grew up in Pembrokeshire.[199] Stephen Crabb, a former Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and Secretary of State for Wales, was brought up in Pembrokeshire and is one of the county's two Members of Parliament.[200] Education and health See also: List of schools in Pembrokeshire A comprehensive review of education in Pembrokeshire was carried out in 2014 with a number of options for discussion in 2015.[201] In 2018 there were 58 primary schools, eight secondary schools (two for ages 3-16) and one special school, in all providing education for more than 18,300 pupils. These include 15 Welsh medium primary schools in the county, three dual stream schools and two transition schools; four primary schools are classified as English Welsh schools (English medium schools with significant use of Welsh). In 2017/18, 22 per cent of seven-year-old pupils were educated through the medium of Welsh. This figure was expected to rise to 25 per cent by 2019/20.[202] In 2019, there were two fewer primary schools. The local authority's education budget for 2019/2020 was £88 million, equating to £4,856 per pupil. A February 2020 report by schools' inspection body Estyn, however, considered the local authority's performance in education provision "a significant concern".[203] Pembrokeshire has had a branch of the University of the Third Age (U3A) since 1991 and has a wide range of groups.[204][205][206] exterior of large hospital Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest Health services in the county are provided by Hywel Dda Local Health Board which also provides for Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire. The county's principal hospital is Withybush General Hospital in Haverfordwest,[207] with local hospitals in Tenby[208] and Pembroke Dock.[209] In November 2018, Hywel Dda informed Pembrokeshire's Community Health Council that the county had 38 full-time and 34 part-time GPs.

Small Stone Arched Bridge & Water Landscape, River Alun, St. Davids, Pembrokeshire, Wales.
The River Alun is a small river in northwest Pembrokeshire, Wales, which rises near Tretio Common and flows southwestwards to St Davids to empty into St Bride's Bay at the rocky inlet of Porth Clais. Pembrokeshire (/ˈpɛmbrʊkʃɪər/ or /ˈpɛmbrʊkʃər/; Welsh: Sir Benfro [ˈsiːr ˈbɛnvrɔ]) is a county in the southwest of Wales. It is bordered by Carmarthenshire to the east, Ceredigion to the northeast, and the sea[note 1] everywhere else. The county is home to Pembrokeshire Coast National Park, the only national park in the United Kingdom established primarily because of the coastline; the Park occupies more than a third of the area of the county and includes the Preseli Hills in the north as well as the 190-mile (310 km) Pembrokeshire Coast Path. Industry is nowadays focused on agriculture (86 per cent of land use), oil and gas, and tourism; Pembrokeshire's beaches have won many awards. Historically, mining and fishing were important activities. The county has a diverse geography with a wide range of geological features, habitats and wildlife. Its prehistory and modern history have been extensively studied, from tribal occupation, through Roman times, to Welsh, Irish, Norman, English, Scandinavian and Flemish influences. Pembrokeshire County Council's headquarters are in the county town of Haverfordwest. The council has a majority of Independent members, but the county's representatives in both the Welsh and Westminster Parliaments are Conservative. Pembrokeshire's population was 122,439 at the 2011 census, an increase of 7.2 per cent from the 2001 figure of 114,131. Ethnically, the county is 99 per cent white and, for historical reasons, Welsh is more widely spoken in the north of the county than in the south. Settlements See List of places in Pembrokeshire for a comprehensive list of settlements in Pembrokeshire. The county town is Haverfordwest. Other towns include Pembroke, Pembroke Dock, Milford Haven, Fishguard, Tenby, Narberth, Neyland and Newport. In the west of the county, St Davids is the United Kingdom's smallest city in terms of both size and population (1,841 in 2011). Saundersfoot is the most populous village (more than 2,500 inhabitants)[2] in Pembrokeshire. Less than 4 per cent of the county, according to CORINE, is built-on or green urban.[3] Geography Climate Milford Haven Climate chart (explanation) J F M A M J J A S O N D 115 93 90 83 87 104 61 125 52 157 67 1710 53 2012 93 1912 102 1710 131 148 130 115 126 105 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: The Met Office Imperial conversion There are three weather stations in Pembrokeshire: at Tenby, Milford Haven and Penycwm, all on the coast. Milford Haven enjoys a mild climate and Tenby shows a similar range of temperatures throughout the year,[4] while at Penycwm, on the west coast and 100m above sea level, temperatures are slightly lower.[5] Pembrokeshire, though, featured twice in the 2016 wettest places in Wales at Whitechurch in the north of the county (1,390.4mm) and Scolton Country Park (1,284.8mm), near Haverfordwest. Orielton was the tenth driest place in Wales in 2016.[6] The county has on average the highest coastal winter temperatures in Wales due to its proximity to the relatively warm Atlantic Ocean. Inland, average temperatures tend to fall 0.5 °C for each 100 metres increase in height.[7] The air pollution rating of Pembrokeshire is "Good", the lowest rating.[8] Geology The rocks in the county were formed between 600 and 290 million years ago. More recent rock formations were eroded when sea levels rose 80 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous Period. Around 60 million years ago, the Pembrokeshire landmass emerged through a combination of uplift and falling sea levels; the youngest rocks, from the Carboniferous Period, contain the Pembrokeshire Coalfield.[9] The landscape was subject to considerable change as a result of ice ages; about 20,000 years ago the area was scraped clean of soil and vegetation by the ice sheet; subsequently, meltwater deepened the existing river valleys.[10][11] While Pembrokeshire is not usually a seismically active area, in August 1892 there was a series of pronounced activities (maximum intensity: 7) over a six-day period.[12]:184 Coastline and landscape map of area of national park in the county Pembrokeshire Coast National Park shown in green The Pembrokeshire coastline includes numerous bays and sandy beaches. The Pembrokeshire Coast National Park, the only park in the UK established primarily because of its coastline, occupies more than a third of the county. The park contains the Pembrokeshire Coast Path, a near-continuous 186-mile (299 km) long-distance trail from Amroth, by the Carmarthenshire border in the southeast, to St Dogmaels just down the River Teifi estuary from Cardigan, Ceredigion, in the north.[13] The National Trust owns 60 miles (97 km) of Pembrokeshire's coast.[14] Nowhere in the county is more than 10 miles (16 km) from tidal water. The large estuary and natural harbour of Milford Haven cuts deep into the coast; this inlet is formed by the confluence of the Western Cleddau (which flows through Haverfordwest), the Eastern Cleddau, and rivers Cresswell[15] and Carew. Since 1975, the estuary has been bridged by the Cleddau Bridge,[16] a toll bridge carrying the A477 between Neyland and Pembroke Dock. Large bays are Newport Bay, Fishguard Bay, St Bride's Bay and western Carmarthen Bay. There are several small islands off the Pembrokeshire coast, the largest of which are Ramsey, Grassholm, Skokholm, Skomer and Caldey.[17] The seas around Skomer and Skokholm, and some other areas off the Pembrokeshire coast are Marine protected areas.[18] There are many known shipwrecks off the Pembrokeshire coast with many more undiscovered.[19][20] A Viking wreck off The Smalls has protected status.[21] The county has six lifeboat stations, the earliest of which was established in 1822; in 2015 a quarter of all Royal National Lifeboat Institution Welsh rescues took place off the Pembrokeshire coast.[22] grey stone blocks in the foreground and hills in the background View from the bluestone quarry to other peaks in the Preseli Hills Pembrokeshire's diverse range of geological features was a key factor in the establishment of the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park and a number of sites of special scientific interest (SSSIs).[23] In the north of the county are the Preseli Hills, a wide stretch of high moorland supporting sheep farming and some forestry, with many prehistoric sites and the probable source of the bluestones used in the construction of the inner circle of Stonehenge in England.[24] The highest point is Foel Cwmcerwyn at 1,759 feet (536 m), which is also the highest point in Pembrokeshire. Elsewhere in the county most of the land (86 per cent according to CORINE) is used for farming, compared with 60 per cent for Wales as a whole.[3] Wildlife Pembrokeshire's wildlife is diverse, with marine, estuary, ancient woodland, moorland and farmland habitats.[25][26] The county has a number of seasonal seabird breeding sites, including for razorbill, guillemot, puffin and Manx shearwater,[27] and rare endemic species such as the red-billed chough.[28]:133–135 Grassholm has a large gannet colony,[29] and seals,[30] whales, dolphins and porpoises can be seen frequently off the Pembrokeshire coast.[31] A rare visit by a walrus occurred in the spring of 2021.[32] An appeal for otter sightings in 2014 yielded more than 100 responses.[33] Pembrokeshire is one of the few places in the UK that is home to the rare Southern damselfly, Coenagrion mercuriale, which is found at a number of locations in the county.[34] History exterior view of prehistoric structure Pentre Ifan neolithic burial chamber Human habitation of the region that is now Pembrokeshire extends back to between 125,000 and 70,000 years[35]:3 and there are numerous prehistoric (such as Pentre Ifan) sites and much earlier neolithic remains, more of which were revealed in an aerial survey during the 2018 heatwave;[36] in the same year, a 1st-century Celtic chariot burial was discovered, the first such find in Wales.[37][38] Roman period Map dated 1450-75 based on Ptolemy's "Geography" written c. 150 There is little evidence of Roman occupation in what is now Pembrokeshire. Ptolemy's Geography, written c. 150, mentioned some coastal places, two of which have been identified as the River Teifi and what is now St Davids Head, but most Roman writers did not mention the area; there may have been a Roman settlement near St Davids and a road from Bath, but this comes from a 14th-century writer. Any evidence for villas or Roman building materials reported by mediaeval or later writers has not been verified, though some were identified near Dale by Richard Fenton in his Historical Tour of 1810.[39]:144 Part of a possible Roman road is noted by CADW near Llanddewi Velfrey,[40] and another near Wiston.[41] Wiston is also the location of the first Roman fort discovered in Pembrokeshire, investigated in 2013.[42] Some artefacts, including coins and weapons, have been found, but it is not clear whether these belonged to Romans or to a Romanised population. Welsh tradition has it that Magnus Maximus founded Haverfordwest, and took a large force of local men on campaign in Gaul in 383 which, together with the reduction of Roman forces in south Wales, left a defensive vacuum which was filled by incomers from Ireland.[43]:37–51 Sub-Roman period Dyfed, after the late 7th century, showing its seven cantrefi Between 350 and 400, an Irish tribe known as the Déisi settled in the region known to the Romans as Demetae.[35]:52,17,30,34 The Déisi merged with the local Welsh, with the regional name underlying Demetae evolving into Dyfed, which existed as an independent petty kingdom from the 5th century.[35]:52,72,85,87 In 904, Hywel Dda married Elen (died 943),[44] daughter of the king of Dyfed Llywarch ap Hyfaidd, and merged Dyfed with his own maternal inheritance of Seisyllwg, forming the new realm of Deheubarth ("southern district"). Between the Roman and Norman periods, the region was subjected to raids from Vikings, who established settlements and trading posts at Haverfordwest, Fishguard, Caldey Island and elsewhere.[35]:81–85[39]:135–136 Norman period Dyfed remained an integral province of Deheubarth, but this was contested by invading Normans and Flemings who arrived between 1067 and 1111.[35]:98 The region became known as Pembroke (sometimes archaic "Penbroke"[45]:53–230), after the Norman castle built in the cantref of Penfro. In 1136, Prince Owain Gwynedd at Crug Mawr near Cardigan met and destroyed a 3,000-strong Norman/Flemish army and incorporated Deheubarth into Gwynedd.[46]:80–85[35]:124 Norman/Flemish influence never fully recovered in West Wales.[47]:79 In 1138, the county of Pembrokeshire was named as a county palatine. Rhys ap Gruffydd, the son of Owain Gwynedd's daughter Gwenllian, re-established Welsh control over much of the region and threatened to retake all of Pembrokeshire, but died in 1197. After Deheubarth was split by a dynastic feud, Llywelyn the Great almost succeeded in retaking the region of Pembroke between 1216 and his death in 1240.[35]:106,112,114 Middle ages From 1284, when the Statute of Rhuddlan was enacted to establish the rule of law in Wales,[48] there followed a period of relative peace in Pembrokeshire for more than 100 years. The establishment or re-establishment of a large number of castles under the Marcher Lords reinforced this.[43]:176 exterior of a large medieval castle with water in foreground Pembroke Castle, birthplace of Henry VII Henry Tudor, born at Pembroke Castle in 1457, landed an army in Pembrokeshire in 1485 and marched to Cardigan.[43]:223 Rallying support, he continued to Leicestershire and defeated the larger army of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. As Henry VII, he became the first monarch of the House of Tudor, which ruled England until 1603.[49]:337–379 The Laws in Wales Act 1535 effectively abolished the powers of the Marcher Lords and divided the county into seven hundreds, roughly corresponding to the seven pre-Norman cantrefi of Dyfed.[43]:247[50] The hundreds were (clockwise from the northeast): Cilgerran, Cemais, Dewisland, Roose, Castlemartin, Narberth and Dungleddy and each was divided into civil parishes;[51] a 1578 map in the British Library is the earliest known to show parishes and chapelries in Pembrokeshire.[52] The Elizabethan era brought renewed prosperity to the county through an opening up of rural industries, including agriculture, mining and fishing, with exports to England and Ireland, though the formerly staple woollen industry had all but disappeared.[43]:310 During the First English Civil War (1642–1646) the county gave strong support to the Roundheads (Parliamentarians), in contrast to the rest of Wales, which was staunchly Royalist. In spite of this, an incident in Pembrokeshire triggered the opening shots of the Second English Civil War when local units of the New Model Army mutinied. Oliver Cromwell defeated the uprising at the Siege of Pembroke in July 1648.[53]:437–438 On 13 August 1649, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland began when New Model Army forces sailed from Milford Haven.[54] 18th and 19th centuries 1819 Ordnance Survey map of north and west Pembrokeshire In 1720, Emmanuel Bowen[55] described Pembrokeshire as having five market towns, 45 parishes and about 4,329 houses, with an area of 420,000 acres (1,700 km2). In 1791 a petition was presented to the House of Commons concerning the poor state of many of the county's roads, pointing out that repairs could not be made compulsory by the law as it stood. The petition was referred to committee.[56]:178 People applying for poor relief were often put to work mending roads. Workhouses were poorly documented. Under the Poor Laws, costs and provisions were kept to a minimum, but the emphasis was often on helping people to be self-employed. While the Poor Laws provided a significant means of support, there were many charitable and benefit societies.[57] After the Battle of Fishguard, the failed French invasion of 1797, 500 French prisoners were held at Golden Hill Farm, Pembroke.[58] From 1820 to 1878 one of the county's prisons, with a capacity of 86, was in the grounds of Haverfordwest Castle.[59] In 1831, the area of the county was calculated to be 345,600 acres (1,399 km2) with a population of 81,424.[55] It was not until nearly the end of the 19th century that mains water was provided to rural south Pembrokeshire by means of a reservoir at Rosebush and cast iron water pipes throughout the district.[60] 20th century Pembrokeshire County War Memorial, near County Hall Throughout much of the 20th century (1911 to 1961) the population density in the county remained stable while it rose in England and Wales as a whole.[61] There was considerable military activity in Pembrokeshire and offshore in the 20th century: a naval base at Milford Haven because German U-boats were active off the coast in World War I[62] and, in World War II, military exercises in the Preseli Hills and a number of military airfields.[63] The wartime increase in air activity saw a number of aircraft accidents and fatalities, often due to unfamiliarity with the terrain.[64] From 1943 to 1944, 5,000 soldiers from the United States Army's 110th Infantry Regiment were based in the county, preparing for D-Day.[65][66] Military and industrial targets in the county were subjected to bombing during World War II.[67] After the end of the war, German prisoners of war were accommodated in Pembrokeshire, the largest prison being at Haverfordwest, housing 600.[68] The County of Pembroke War Memorial in Haverfordwest carries the names of 1,200 of those that perished in World War I.[69] In 1972, a second reservoir for south Pembrokeshire, at Llys y Fran, was completed.[70] Demography Graphic showing the proportion of Welsh speakers throughout Wales in 2011 Proportion of Welsh speakers (Wales 2011 census) in Pembrokeshire (county border shown by white line) Population Pembrokeshire's population was 122,439 at the 2011 census.[71] Language As a result of differential immigration over hundreds of years, such as the influx of Flemish people,[72] the south of the county has fewer Welsh-speaking inhabitants (about 15 per cent) than the north (about 50 per cent). The rough line that can be drawn between the two regions, illustrated by the map, is known as the Landsker Line, and the area south of the line has been termed "Little England Beyond Wales". The first objective, statistically based description of this demarcation was made in the 1960s,[73]:7–29 but the distinction was remarked upon as early as 1603 by George Owen of Henllys.[74] A 21st century introduction of Welsh place names for villages which have always been known by their English names has caused some controversy.[75] Religion In 1851, a religious census of Pembrokeshire showed that of 70 per cent of the population, 53 per cent were nonconformists and 17 per cent Church of England (now Church in Wales).[76] The 2001 census for Preseli Pembrokeshire constituency showed that 74 per cent were Christian and 25 per cent of no religion (or not stated), with other religions totalling less than 1 per cent. This approximates to the figures for the whole of Wales.[77] Ethnicity In 2001, Preseli Pembrokeshire constituency was 99 per cent white European, marginally lower than in 1991, compared with 98 per cent for the whole of Wales. 71 per cent identified their place of birth as Wales and 26 per cent as from elsewhere in the UK.[77] Governance, politics and public services Under the Local Government Act 1888, an elected county council was set up to take over the functions of the Pembrokeshire Quarter Sessions. This and the administrative county of Pembrokeshire were abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, with Pembrokeshire forming two districts of the new county of Dyfed: South Pembrokeshire and Preseli – the split being made at the request of local authorities in the area.[78] In 1996, under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, the county of Dyfed was broken up into its constituent parts, and Pembrokeshire has been a unitary authority since then.[79] In 2017 Pembrokeshire County Council had 60 members and no political party in overall control; there were 34 independent councillors.[80] In 2009, the question of county names and Royal Mail postal addresses was raised in the Westminster parliament; it was argued that Royal Mail's continued use of the county address Dyfed was causing concern and confusion in the Pembrokeshire business community.[79] In 2018, Pembrokeshire County Council increased council tax by 12.5 per cent, the largest increase since 2004, but the county's council tax remains the lowest in Wales.[81] The Pembrokeshire (Communities) Order 2011 established the most recent arrangement of communities (the successors to civil parishes) in the county which have their own councils; see the foot of this page for a list of communities.[82] Since 2010, Pembrokeshire has returned two Conservative MPs to the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster: Stephen Crabb for Preseli Pembrokeshire and Simon Hart for South Pembrokeshire which is represented jointly with West Carmarthenshire.[83] The corresponding Members of the Senedd (MSs) returned to the Senedd (Welsh Parliament) in Cardiff are Paul Davies and Angela Burns respectively, both Conservatives.[84] Pembrokeshire is served by the Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service[85] and Dyfed-Powys Police.[86] Transport modern bridge spanning a broad river Cleddau Bridge There are no motorways in Pembrokeshire; the nearest is the M4 motorway from London which terminates at the Pont Abraham services in Carmarthenshire some 46 miles (74 km) from Haverfordwest. The A40 crosses Pembrokeshire from the border with Carmarthenshire westwards to Haverfordwest, then northwards to Fishguard.[87] The A477 from St. Clears to Pembroke Dock is 24 miles (39 km) long, of which only 2 miles (3.2 km) are dual carriageway. The Cleddau Bridge, toll-free from 28 March 2019,[88] carries the A477 across the Cleddau Estuary. The A478 traverses eastern Pembrokeshire from Tenby in the south to Cardigan, Ceredigion in the north, a distance of 30 miles (48 km). The A487 is the other major route, running northwest from Haverfordwest to St Davids, then northeast following the coast, through Fishguard and Newport, to the boundary with Ceredigion at Cardigan.[87] Owing to length restrictions in Fishguard, some freight vehicles are not permitted to travel northeast from Fishguard but must take a longer route via Haverfordwest and Narberth.[89] The B4329 former turnpike runs from Eglwyswrw in the north to Haverfordwest across the Preseli Hills.[90] The main towns in the county are covered by regular bus and train services, and many villages by local bus services, or community or education transport.[91] Pembrokeshire is served by rail via the West Wales Lines from Swansea. Direct trains from Milford Haven run to Manchester Piccadilly. Branch lines terminate at Pembroke Dock, Milford Haven and Fishguard, linking with ferries to Ireland from Pembroke Dock and Fishguard.[92] Seasonal ferry services operate from Tenby to Caldey Island,[93] from St Justinians (St Davids) to Ramsey Island[94] and Grassholm Island,[95] and from Martin's Haven to Skomer Island.[96] Haverfordwest (Withybush) Airport provides general aviation services.[97] Economy Pembrokeshire's economy now relies heavily on tourism; agriculture, once its most important industry with associated activities such as milling, is still significant. Mining of slate and coal had largely ceased by the 20th century. Since the 1950s, petrochemical and liquid natural gas industries have developed along the Milford Haven Waterway and the county has attracted other major ventures. In 2016, the Rt. Hon. Stephen Crabb, then Welsh Secretary, commented in a government press release: "...with a buoyant local economy, Pembrokeshire is punching above its weight across the UK."[98] Pembrokeshire County Show, celebrating 60 years at Haverfordwest Showground in August 2019, is the largest three-day such event in Wales. Showcasing agriculture, food and drink, sport, entertainment and other activities, it expected 100,000 visitors.[99] Agriculture Until the 12th century, a great extent of Pembrokeshire was virgin woodland. Clearance in the lowland south began under Anglo-Flemish colonisation and under mediaeval tenancies in other areas. Such was the extent of development that by the 16th century there was a shortage of timber in the county. Little is known about mediaeval farming methods, but much arable land was continuously cropped and only occasionally ploughed. By the 18th century, many of the centuries-old open field systems had been enclosed, and much of the land was arable or rough pasture in a ratio of about 1:3.[100] Solva Woollen Mill Solva Woollen Mill Kelly's Directory of 1910 gave a snapshot of the agriculture of Pembrokeshire: 57,343 acres were cropped (almost half under oats and a quarter barley), there were 37,535 acres of grass and clover and 213,387 acres of permanent pasture (of which a third was for hay). There were 128,865 acres of mountain or heathland used for grazing, with 10,000 acres of managed or unmanaged woodland. Estimates of livestock included 17,810 horses, 92,386 cattle, 157,973 sheep and 31,673 pigs. Of 5,981 agricultural holdings, more than half were between 5 and 50 acres.[101] Pembrokeshire had a flourishing wool industry.[102] There are still working woollen mills at Solva and Tregwynt.[103] One of the last few watermills in Wales producing flour is in St Dogmaels.[104] Pembrokeshire has good soil and benefits from the Gulf Stream, which provides a mild climate and a longer growing season than other parts of Wales.[105]:142 Pembrokeshire's mild climate means that crops such as its new potatoes (which have protected geographical status under European law)[106] often arrive in British shops earlier in the year than produce from other parts of the UK. Other principal arable crops are oilseed rape, wheat and barley, while the main non-arable activities are dairy farming for milk and cheese, beef production and sheep farming.[107] The county lends its name to the Pembroke Welsh Corgi, a herding dog whose lineage can be traced back to the 12th century,[108]:6 but which in 2015 was designated as a "vulnerable" breed.[109] Since 2006, Pembrokeshire Local Action Network for Enterprise and Development (PLANED) has provided a forum to promote an integrated approach to rural development, in which communities, public sector and voluntary partners and specialist interest groups come together to influence policy and promote projects aimed at sustainable agriculture. Sub-groups include promoting food and farming in schools and shortening supply chains.[110] Fishing Milford Haven dock, 2009 With Pembrokeshire's extensive coastal areas and tidal river estuaries, fishing was an important industry at least from the 16th century. Many ports and villages were dependent on the fishing.[111] The former large sea fishing industry around Milford Haven is now greatly reduced, although limited commercial fishing still takes place. At its peak, Milford was landing over 40,000 tons of fish a year.[111] Pembrokeshire Fish Week is a biennial event[112] which in 2014 attracted 31,000 visitors and generated £3 million for the local economy.[113] Mining Slate quarrying was a significant industry in the 19th and early 20th centuries with quarrying taking place at about 100 locations throughout the county.[114] Over 50 coal workings in the Pembrokeshire Coalfield were in existence between the 14th and 20th centuries,[115] with the last coal mine, at Kilgetty, closing in 1950.[9][116] Oil, gas and renewable energy View of power Station Pembroke Power Station in 2013 There are two oil refineries, two liquified natural gas (LNG) terminals and the 2,000 MW gas-fired Pembroke Power Station (opened in 2012) at Milford Haven. The LNG terminals on the north side of the river, just outside Milford Haven were opened in 2008;[117] a 196-mile (316 km) pipeline connecting Milford Haven to Tirley in Gloucestershire was completed in 2007.[118] The two oil refineries are operated by Chevron (formerly Texaco) producing 214,000 bbl/d (34,000 m3/d) and Murco (formerly Amoco/Elf) producing 108,000 bbl/d (17,200 m3/d); the latter was sold to Puma Energy in 2015 with the intention of converting it to a storage facility.[119] At the peak, there were a total of five refineries served from around the Haven: the Esso refinery operated from 1960 to 1983, was demolished in the late 1980s and the site converted into the South Hook LNG terminal; the Gulf Refinery operated from 1968 to 1997 and the site now incorporates the Dragon LNG terminal; BP had an oil terminal at Angle Bay which served its refinery at Llandarcy and operated between 1961 and 1985.[120] The Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority has identified a number of areas in which renewable energy can be, and has been, generated in the county.[121] Following several years of planning after the initial impact studies begun in 2011,[122] the first submarine turbine of three was installed in Ramsey Sound in December 2015.[123] The cumulative impact of single and multiple wind turbines is not without controversy[124] and was the subject of a comprehensive assessment in 2013.[125] In 2011 the first solar energy farm in Wales was installed at Rhosygilwen, Rhoshill with 10,000 panels in a field of 6 acres (2.4 ha), generating 1 MW.[126] Tourism View of Barafundle Beach from a high vantage point Barafundle Beach, a recipient of both the 2019 Seaside and Green Coastal awards Pembrokeshire's tourism portal is Visit Pembrokeshire, run by Pembrokeshire County Council.[127] In 2015 4.3 million tourists visited the county, staying for an average of 5.24 days, spending £585 million; the tourism industry supported 11,834 jobs.[128] Many of Pembrokeshire's beaches have won awards,[129] including Poppit Sands and Newport Sands.[130] In 2018, Pembrokeshire received the most coast awards in Wales, with 56 Blue Flag, Green Coast or Seaside Awards.[131][132] In the 2019 Wales Coast Awards, 39 Pembrokeshire beaches were recognised, including 11 awarded Blue Flag status.[133] The Pembrokeshire coastline is a major draw to tourists; in 2011 National Geographic Traveller magazine voted the Pembrokeshire Coast the second best in the world and in 2015 the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park was listed among the top five parks in the world by a travel writer for the Huffington Post.[134] Countryfile Magazine readers voted the Pembrokeshire Coast the top UK holiday destination in 2018,[135] and in 2019 Consumers' Association members placed Tenby and St Davids in the top three best value beach destinations in Britain.[136] With few large urban areas, Pembrokeshire is a "dark sky" destination.[137] The many wrecks off the Pembrokeshire coast attract divers.[20] The decade from 2012 saw significant, increasing numbers of Atlantic bluefin tuna, not seen since the 1960s, and now seen by some as an opportunity to encourage tourist sport fishing.[138] The county has a number of theme and animal parks (examples are Folly Farm Adventure Park and Zoo, Manor House Wildlife Park, Blue Lagoon Water Park and Oakwood Theme Park), museums and other visitor attractions including Castell Henllys reconstructed Iron Age fort, Tenby Lifeboat Station and Milford Haven's Torch Theatre.[127] There are 21 marked cycle trails around the county.[139] Pembrokeshire Destination Management Plan for 2020 to 2025 sets out the scope and priorities to grow tourism in Pembrokeshire by increasing its value by 10 per cent in the five years, and to make Pembrokeshire a top five UK destination.[140] Culture Flag The flag of Pembrokeshire consists of a yellow cross on a blue field. In the centre of the cross is a green pentagon bearing a red and white Tudor rose. The rose is divided quarterly and counterchanged: the inner and outer roses have alternating red and white quarters.[141][142] Physical heritage exterior of large ecclesiastial building with tower St Davids Cathedral Pembrokeshire has more than 1,600 listed buildings, ranging from mud huts to castles, and including bridges and other ancient and modern structures, under the auspices of Cadw and the County Council.[143] The National Monuments Record of Wales of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales identifies nearly 6,000 sites in Pembrokeshire as worthy of study, preservation and recording, including prehistoric and modern buildings, wrecks and natural features.[144] There are 10 National Trust properties in Pembrokeshire.[145] The arts and media Music festivals in Pembrokeshire include those at St Davids, Fishguard (folk, jazz and the International Music Festival) and Tenby (Blues Festival).[146] Milford Haven's Torch Theatre produces drama, screens films and holds exhibitions of art and crafts,[147] and there is a theatre-cinema in Fishguard (Theatr Gwaun)[148] and a cinema in Haverfordwest.[149] There are museums and art galleries in several locations in the county, including Scolton Manor, Narberth, Tenby, Milford Haven and Fishguard;[150] in Fishguard, the 100 feet (30 m) long Last Invasion Tapestry, commemorating the Battle of Fishguard in 1797, is on display.[151] Pembrokeshire's coastal landscape and wealth of historic buildings has made it a popular location choice for film and television, including Moby Dick at Fishguard, and the final two Harry Potter films at Freshwater West. Others include: YearFilm titleLocationRefs 1940The Thief of BagdadFreshwater West[152] 1956Moby DickFishguard[153] 1961Fury at Smugglers' BayAbereiddy[154] 1968The Lion in WinterPembroke Castle, Marloes Sands, Milford Haven[153] 1972Under Milk WoodFishguard[153] 1977JabberwockyPembroke Castle & Bosherston[155] 1994DragonworldManorbier[156] 1994The Lifeboat (BBC TV)Pembrokeshire Coast[157] 1998BasilTenby, Manorbier, Bosherston[158] 2003Baltic StormFishguard[159] 2003I Capture The CastleManorbier Castle[160] 2008The Edge of LoveTenby & Laugharne[153] 2010Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1Freshwater West[153] 2010Robin HoodFreshwater West[161]:34 2010Third StarBarafundle Bay, Stackpole Estate[162] 2011Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2Freshwater West[163]:52 2012Snow White and the HuntsmanMarloes Sands[164] 2015Under Milk WoodSolva[165] 2015The Bad Education MoviePembroke Castle[166] 2016Their FinestTrecwn, Haverfordwest, Cresswell Quay, Freshwater West, Porthgain[167] 2016Me Before YouPembroke, Pembroke Castle[168] 2020The Pembrokeshire Murders (TV series)Goodwick, Fishguard, Freshwater East, coast path[169][170] There are seven local newspapers based in Pembrokeshire: the Western Telegraph (the largest in Pembrokeshire), The Milford Mercury, Tenby Observer, Pembroke Observer, County Echo and The Pembrokeshire Herald (founded 2013.[171] The Milford Mercury (circulation 3,681) and Western Telegraph (circulation 19,582) are part of the Newsquest group. Radio Pembrokeshire, and several other West Wales radio stations, were broadcast from Narberth until 2016, when they were relocated to the Vale of Glamorgan, while retaining satellite offices at Narberth and Milford Marina.[172][173] Sport As the national sport of Wales, rugby union is widely played throughout the county at both town and village level. Haverfordwest RFC, founded in 1875, is a feeder club for Llanelli Scarlets. Village team Crymych RFC in 2014 plays in WRU Division One West.[174] There are numerous football clubs in the county, playing in five leagues.[175] Triathlon event Ironman Wales has been held in Pembrokeshire since 2011, contributing £3.7 million to the local economy, and the county committed in 2017 to host the event for a further five years.[176] Ras Beca, a mixed road, fell and cross country race attracting UK-wide competitors, has been held in the Preseli Hills annually since 1977. The record of 32 minutes 5 seconds has stood since 1995.[177] Pembrokeshire Harriers athletics club was formed in 2001 by the amalgamation of Cleddau Athletic Club (established 1970) and Preseli Harriers (1989) and is based in Haverfordwest.[178] The annual Tour of Pembrokeshire road-cycling event takes place over routes of optional length.[179] The 4th Tour, in April 2015, attracted 1,600 riders including Olympic gold medallist Chris Boardman[180] and there were 1,500 entrants to the 2016 event.[181] Part of Route 47 of the Celtic Trail cycle route is in Pembrokeshire. The Llys y Fran Hillclimb is an annual event run by Swansea Motor Club,[182] and there are several other county motoring events held each year.[183] Abereiddy's Blue Lagoon was the venue for a round of the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series in 2012,[184] 2013,[185] and 2016;[186] the Welsh Surfing Federation has held the Welsh National Surfing Championships at Freshwater West for several years,[187] and Llys y Fran Country Park hosted the Welsh Dragonboat Championships from 2014 to 2017.[188][189] While not at major league level, cricket is played throughout the county and many villages such as Lamphey, Creselly, Llangwm, Llechryd and Crymych field teams in minor leagues under the umbrella of the Cricket Board of Wales.[190] Notable people Painting of Henry VII in 1505 wearing a gold collar and holding a rose Henry VII (1505) From mediaeval times, Rhys ap Gruffydd (c. 1132-1197), ruler of the kingdom of Deheubarth, was buried in St Davids Cathedral.[191] and Gerald of Wales was born c. 1146 at Manorbier Castle.[192] Henry Tudor (later Henry VII) was born in 1457 at Pembroke Castle.[193] In later military history, Jemima Nicholas, heroine of the so-called "last invasion of Britain" in 1797, was from Fishguard,[194] Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Picton GCB, born in Haverfordwest, was killed at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815[195] and Private Thomas Collins is believed to be the only Pembrokeshire man that fought in the Battle of Rorke's Drift in 1879.[196] In the arts, siblings Gwen and Augustus John were both born in Pembrokeshire,[197]:251–252 as was the novelist Sarah Waters;[198] singer Connie Fisher grew up in Pembrokeshire.[199] Stephen Crabb, a former Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and Secretary of State for Wales, was brought up in Pembrokeshire and is one of the county's two Members of Parliament.[200] Education and health See also: List of schools in Pembrokeshire A comprehensive review of education in Pembrokeshire was carried out in 2014 with a number of options for discussion in 2015.[201] In 2018 there were 58 primary schools, eight secondary schools (two for ages 3-16) and one special school, in all providing education for more than 18,300 pupils. These include 15 Welsh medium primary schools in the county, three dual stream schools and two transition schools; four primary schools are classified as English Welsh schools (English medium schools with significant use of Welsh). In 2017/18, 22 per cent of seven-year-old pupils were educated through the medium of Welsh. This figure was expected to rise to 25 per cent by 2019/20.[202] In 2019, there were two fewer primary schools. The local authority's education budget for 2019/2020 was £88 million, equating to £4,856 per pupil. A February 2020 report by schools' inspection body Estyn, however, considered the local authority's performance in education provision "a significant concern".[203] Pembrokeshire has had a branch of the University of the Third Age (U3A) since 1991 and has a wide range of groups.[204][205][206] exterior of large hospital Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest Health services in the county are provided by Hywel Dda Local Health Board which also provides for Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire. The county's principal hospital is Withybush General Hospital in Haverfordwest,[207] with local hospitals in Tenby[208] and Pembroke Dock.[209] In November 2018, Hywel Dda informed Pembrokeshire's Community Health Council that the county had 38 full-time and 34 part-time GPs.

Monochrome, Small Stone Arched Bridge & Water Landscape, River Alun, St. Davids, Pembrokeshire, Wales.
The River Alun is a small river in northwest Pembrokeshire, Wales, which rises near Tretio Common and flows southwestwards to St Davids to empty into St Bride's Bay at the rocky inlet of Porth Clais. Pembrokeshire (/ˈpɛmbrʊkʃɪər/ or /ˈpɛmbrʊkʃər/; Welsh: Sir Benfro [ˈsiːr ˈbɛnvrɔ]) is a county in the southwest of Wales. It is bordered by Carmarthenshire to the east, Ceredigion to the northeast, and the sea[note 1] everywhere else. The county is home to Pembrokeshire Coast National Park, the only national park in the United Kingdom established primarily because of the coastline; the Park occupies more than a third of the area of the county and includes the Preseli Hills in the north as well as the 190-mile (310 km) Pembrokeshire Coast Path. Industry is nowadays focused on agriculture (86 per cent of land use), oil and gas, and tourism; Pembrokeshire's beaches have won many awards. Historically, mining and fishing were important activities. The county has a diverse geography with a wide range of geological features, habitats and wildlife. Its prehistory and modern history have been extensively studied, from tribal occupation, through Roman times, to Welsh, Irish, Norman, English, Scandinavian and Flemish influences. Pembrokeshire County Council's headquarters are in the county town of Haverfordwest. The council has a majority of Independent members, but the county's representatives in both the Welsh and Westminster Parliaments are Conservative. Pembrokeshire's population was 122,439 at the 2011 census, an increase of 7.2 per cent from the 2001 figure of 114,131. Ethnically, the county is 99 per cent white and, for historical reasons, Welsh is more widely spoken in the north of the county than in the south. Settlements See List of places in Pembrokeshire for a comprehensive list of settlements in Pembrokeshire. The county town is Haverfordwest. Other towns include Pembroke, Pembroke Dock, Milford Haven, Fishguard, Tenby, Narberth, Neyland and Newport. In the west of the county, St Davids is the United Kingdom's smallest city in terms of both size and population (1,841 in 2011). Saundersfoot is the most populous village (more than 2,500 inhabitants)[2] in Pembrokeshire. Less than 4 per cent of the county, according to CORINE, is built-on or green urban.[3] Geography Climate Milford Haven Climate chart (explanation) J F M A M J J A S O N D 115 93 90 83 87 104 61 125 52 157 67 1710 53 2012 93 1912 102 1710 131 148 130 115 126 105 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: The Met Office Imperial conversion There are three weather stations in Pembrokeshire: at Tenby, Milford Haven and Penycwm, all on the coast. Milford Haven enjoys a mild climate and Tenby shows a similar range of temperatures throughout the year,[4] while at Penycwm, on the west coast and 100m above sea level, temperatures are slightly lower.[5] Pembrokeshire, though, featured twice in the 2016 wettest places in Wales at Whitechurch in the north of the county (1,390.4mm) and Scolton Country Park (1,284.8mm), near Haverfordwest. Orielton was the tenth driest place in Wales in 2016.[6] The county has on average the highest coastal winter temperatures in Wales due to its proximity to the relatively warm Atlantic Ocean. Inland, average temperatures tend to fall 0.5 °C for each 100 metres increase in height.[7] The air pollution rating of Pembrokeshire is "Good", the lowest rating.[8] Geology The rocks in the county were formed between 600 and 290 million years ago. More recent rock formations were eroded when sea levels rose 80 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous Period. Around 60 million years ago, the Pembrokeshire landmass emerged through a combination of uplift and falling sea levels; the youngest rocks, from the Carboniferous Period, contain the Pembrokeshire Coalfield.[9] The landscape was subject to considerable change as a result of ice ages; about 20,000 years ago the area was scraped clean of soil and vegetation by the ice sheet; subsequently, meltwater deepened the existing river valleys.[10][11] While Pembrokeshire is not usually a seismically active area, in August 1892 there was a series of pronounced activities (maximum intensity: 7) over a six-day period.[12]:184 Coastline and landscape map of area of national park in the county Pembrokeshire Coast National Park shown in green The Pembrokeshire coastline includes numerous bays and sandy beaches. The Pembrokeshire Coast National Park, the only park in the UK established primarily because of its coastline, occupies more than a third of the county. The park contains the Pembrokeshire Coast Path, a near-continuous 186-mile (299 km) long-distance trail from Amroth, by the Carmarthenshire border in the southeast, to St Dogmaels just down the River Teifi estuary from Cardigan, Ceredigion, in the north.[13] The National Trust owns 60 miles (97 km) of Pembrokeshire's coast.[14] Nowhere in the county is more than 10 miles (16 km) from tidal water. The large estuary and natural harbour of Milford Haven cuts deep into the coast; this inlet is formed by the confluence of the Western Cleddau (which flows through Haverfordwest), the Eastern Cleddau, and rivers Cresswell[15] and Carew. Since 1975, the estuary has been bridged by the Cleddau Bridge,[16] a toll bridge carrying the A477 between Neyland and Pembroke Dock. Large bays are Newport Bay, Fishguard Bay, St Bride's Bay and western Carmarthen Bay. There are several small islands off the Pembrokeshire coast, the largest of which are Ramsey, Grassholm, Skokholm, Skomer and Caldey.[17] The seas around Skomer and Skokholm, and some other areas off the Pembrokeshire coast are Marine protected areas.[18] There are many known shipwrecks off the Pembrokeshire coast with many more undiscovered.[19][20] A Viking wreck off The Smalls has protected status.[21] The county has six lifeboat stations, the earliest of which was established in 1822; in 2015 a quarter of all Royal National Lifeboat Institution Welsh rescues took place off the Pembrokeshire coast.[22] grey stone blocks in the foreground and hills in the background View from the bluestone quarry to other peaks in the Preseli Hills Pembrokeshire's diverse range of geological features was a key factor in the establishment of the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park and a number of sites of special scientific interest (SSSIs).[23] In the north of the county are the Preseli Hills, a wide stretch of high moorland supporting sheep farming and some forestry, with many prehistoric sites and the probable source of the bluestones used in the construction of the inner circle of Stonehenge in England.[24] The highest point is Foel Cwmcerwyn at 1,759 feet (536 m), which is also the highest point in Pembrokeshire. Elsewhere in the county most of the land (86 per cent according to CORINE) is used for farming, compared with 60 per cent for Wales as a whole.[3] Wildlife Pembrokeshire's wildlife is diverse, with marine, estuary, ancient woodland, moorland and farmland habitats.[25][26] The county has a number of seasonal seabird breeding sites, including for razorbill, guillemot, puffin and Manx shearwater,[27] and rare endemic species such as the red-billed chough.[28]:133–135 Grassholm has a large gannet colony,[29] and seals,[30] whales, dolphins and porpoises can be seen frequently off the Pembrokeshire coast.[31] A rare visit by a walrus occurred in the spring of 2021.[32] An appeal for otter sightings in 2014 yielded more than 100 responses.[33] Pembrokeshire is one of the few places in the UK that is home to the rare Southern damselfly, Coenagrion mercuriale, which is found at a number of locations in the county.[34] History exterior view of prehistoric structure Pentre Ifan neolithic burial chamber Human habitation of the region that is now Pembrokeshire extends back to between 125,000 and 70,000 years[35]:3 and there are numerous prehistoric (such as Pentre Ifan) sites and much earlier neolithic remains, more of which were revealed in an aerial survey during the 2018 heatwave;[36] in the same year, a 1st-century Celtic chariot burial was discovered, the first such find in Wales.[37][38] Roman period Map dated 1450-75 based on Ptolemy's "Geography" written c. 150 There is little evidence of Roman occupation in what is now Pembrokeshire. Ptolemy's Geography, written c. 150, mentioned some coastal places, two of which have been identified as the River Teifi and what is now St Davids Head, but most Roman writers did not mention the area; there may have been a Roman settlement near St Davids and a road from Bath, but this comes from a 14th-century writer. Any evidence for villas or Roman building materials reported by mediaeval or later writers has not been verified, though some were identified near Dale by Richard Fenton in his Historical Tour of 1810.[39]:144 Part of a possible Roman road is noted by CADW near Llanddewi Velfrey,[40] and another near Wiston.[41] Wiston is also the location of the first Roman fort discovered in Pembrokeshire, investigated in 2013.[42] Some artefacts, including coins and weapons, have been found, but it is not clear whether these belonged to Romans or to a Romanised population. Welsh tradition has it that Magnus Maximus founded Haverfordwest, and took a large force of local men on campaign in Gaul in 383 which, together with the reduction of Roman forces in south Wales, left a defensive vacuum which was filled by incomers from Ireland.[43]:37–51 Sub-Roman period Dyfed, after the late 7th century, showing its seven cantrefi Between 350 and 400, an Irish tribe known as the Déisi settled in the region known to the Romans as Demetae.[35]:52,17,30,34 The Déisi merged with the local Welsh, with the regional name underlying Demetae evolving into Dyfed, which existed as an independent petty kingdom from the 5th century.[35]:52,72,85,87 In 904, Hywel Dda married Elen (died 943),[44] daughter of the king of Dyfed Llywarch ap Hyfaidd, and merged Dyfed with his own maternal inheritance of Seisyllwg, forming the new realm of Deheubarth ("southern district"). Between the Roman and Norman periods, the region was subjected to raids from Vikings, who established settlements and trading posts at Haverfordwest, Fishguard, Caldey Island and elsewhere.[35]:81–85[39]:135–136 Norman period Dyfed remained an integral province of Deheubarth, but this was contested by invading Normans and Flemings who arrived between 1067 and 1111.[35]:98 The region became known as Pembroke (sometimes archaic "Penbroke"[45]:53–230), after the Norman castle built in the cantref of Penfro. In 1136, Prince Owain Gwynedd at Crug Mawr near Cardigan met and destroyed a 3,000-strong Norman/Flemish army and incorporated Deheubarth into Gwynedd.[46]:80–85[35]:124 Norman/Flemish influence never fully recovered in West Wales.[47]:79 In 1138, the county of Pembrokeshire was named as a county palatine. Rhys ap Gruffydd, the son of Owain Gwynedd's daughter Gwenllian, re-established Welsh control over much of the region and threatened to retake all of Pembrokeshire, but died in 1197. After Deheubarth was split by a dynastic feud, Llywelyn the Great almost succeeded in retaking the region of Pembroke between 1216 and his death in 1240.[35]:106,112,114 Middle ages From 1284, when the Statute of Rhuddlan was enacted to establish the rule of law in Wales,[48] there followed a period of relative peace in Pembrokeshire for more than 100 years. The establishment or re-establishment of a large number of castles under the Marcher Lords reinforced this.[43]:176 exterior of a large medieval castle with water in foreground Pembroke Castle, birthplace of Henry VII Henry Tudor, born at Pembroke Castle in 1457, landed an army in Pembrokeshire in 1485 and marched to Cardigan.[43]:223 Rallying support, he continued to Leicestershire and defeated the larger army of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. As Henry VII, he became the first monarch of the House of Tudor, which ruled England until 1603.[49]:337–379 The Laws in Wales Act 1535 effectively abolished the powers of the Marcher Lords and divided the county into seven hundreds, roughly corresponding to the seven pre-Norman cantrefi of Dyfed.[43]:247[50] The hundreds were (clockwise from the northeast): Cilgerran, Cemais, Dewisland, Roose, Castlemartin, Narberth and Dungleddy and each was divided into civil parishes;[51] a 1578 map in the British Library is the earliest known to show parishes and chapelries in Pembrokeshire.[52] The Elizabethan era brought renewed prosperity to the county through an opening up of rural industries, including agriculture, mining and fishing, with exports to England and Ireland, though the formerly staple woollen industry had all but disappeared.[43]:310 During the First English Civil War (1642–1646) the county gave strong support to the Roundheads (Parliamentarians), in contrast to the rest of Wales, which was staunchly Royalist. In spite of this, an incident in Pembrokeshire triggered the opening shots of the Second English Civil War when local units of the New Model Army mutinied. Oliver Cromwell defeated the uprising at the Siege of Pembroke in July 1648.[53]:437–438 On 13 August 1649, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland began when New Model Army forces sailed from Milford Haven.[54] 18th and 19th centuries 1819 Ordnance Survey map of north and west Pembrokeshire In 1720, Emmanuel Bowen[55] described Pembrokeshire as having five market towns, 45 parishes and about 4,329 houses, with an area of 420,000 acres (1,700 km2). In 1791 a petition was presented to the House of Commons concerning the poor state of many of the county's roads, pointing out that repairs could not be made compulsory by the law as it stood. The petition was referred to committee.[56]:178 People applying for poor relief were often put to work mending roads. Workhouses were poorly documented. Under the Poor Laws, costs and provisions were kept to a minimum, but the emphasis was often on helping people to be self-employed. While the Poor Laws provided a significant means of support, there were many charitable and benefit societies.[57] After the Battle of Fishguard, the failed French invasion of 1797, 500 French prisoners were held at Golden Hill Farm, Pembroke.[58] From 1820 to 1878 one of the county's prisons, with a capacity of 86, was in the grounds of Haverfordwest Castle.[59] In 1831, the area of the county was calculated to be 345,600 acres (1,399 km2) with a population of 81,424.[55] It was not until nearly the end of the 19th century that mains water was provided to rural south Pembrokeshire by means of a reservoir at Rosebush and cast iron water pipes throughout the district.[60] 20th century Pembrokeshire County War Memorial, near County Hall Throughout much of the 20th century (1911 to 1961) the population density in the county remained stable while it rose in England and Wales as a whole.[61] There was considerable military activity in Pembrokeshire and offshore in the 20th century: a naval base at Milford Haven because German U-boats were active off the coast in World War I[62] and, in World War II, military exercises in the Preseli Hills and a number of military airfields.[63] The wartime increase in air activity saw a number of aircraft accidents and fatalities, often due to unfamiliarity with the terrain.[64] From 1943 to 1944, 5,000 soldiers from the United States Army's 110th Infantry Regiment were based in the county, preparing for D-Day.[65][66] Military and industrial targets in the county were subjected to bombing during World War II.[67] After the end of the war, German prisoners of war were accommodated in Pembrokeshire, the largest prison being at Haverfordwest, housing 600.[68] The County of Pembroke War Memorial in Haverfordwest carries the names of 1,200 of those that perished in World War I.[69] In 1972, a second reservoir for south Pembrokeshire, at Llys y Fran, was completed.[70] Demography Graphic showing the proportion of Welsh speakers throughout Wales in 2011 Proportion of Welsh speakers (Wales 2011 census) in Pembrokeshire (county border shown by white line) Population Pembrokeshire's population was 122,439 at the 2011 census.[71] Language As a result of differential immigration over hundreds of years, such as the influx of Flemish people,[72] the south of the county has fewer Welsh-speaking inhabitants (about 15 per cent) than the north (about 50 per cent). The rough line that can be drawn between the two regions, illustrated by the map, is known as the Landsker Line, and the area south of the line has been termed "Little England Beyond Wales". The first objective, statistically based description of this demarcation was made in the 1960s,[73]:7–29 but the distinction was remarked upon as early as 1603 by George Owen of Henllys.[74] A 21st century introduction of Welsh place names for villages which have always been known by their English names has caused some controversy.[75] Religion In 1851, a religious census of Pembrokeshire showed that of 70 per cent of the population, 53 per cent were nonconformists and 17 per cent Church of England (now Church in Wales).[76] The 2001 census for Preseli Pembrokeshire constituency showed that 74 per cent were Christian and 25 per cent of no religion (or not stated), with other religions totalling less than 1 per cent. This approximates to the figures for the whole of Wales.[77] Ethnicity In 2001, Preseli Pembrokeshire constituency was 99 per cent white European, marginally lower than in 1991, compared with 98 per cent for the whole of Wales. 71 per cent identified their place of birth as Wales and 26 per cent as from elsewhere in the UK.[77] Governance, politics and public services Under the Local Government Act 1888, an elected county council was set up to take over the functions of the Pembrokeshire Quarter Sessions. This and the administrative county of Pembrokeshire were abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, with Pembrokeshire forming two districts of the new county of Dyfed: South Pembrokeshire and Preseli – the split being made at the request of local authorities in the area.[78] In 1996, under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, the county of Dyfed was broken up into its constituent parts, and Pembrokeshire has been a unitary authority since then.[79] In 2017 Pembrokeshire County Council had 60 members and no political party in overall control; there were 34 independent councillors.[80] In 2009, the question of county names and Royal Mail postal addresses was raised in the Westminster parliament; it was argued that Royal Mail's continued use of the county address Dyfed was causing concern and confusion in the Pembrokeshire business community.[79] In 2018, Pembrokeshire County Council increased council tax by 12.5 per cent, the largest increase since 2004, but the county's council tax remains the lowest in Wales.[81] The Pembrokeshire (Communities) Order 2011 established the most recent arrangement of communities (the successors to civil parishes) in the county which have their own councils; see the foot of this page for a list of communities.[82] Since 2010, Pembrokeshire has returned two Conservative MPs to the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster: Stephen Crabb for Preseli Pembrokeshire and Simon Hart for South Pembrokeshire which is represented jointly with West Carmarthenshire.[83] The corresponding Members of the Senedd (MSs) returned to the Senedd (Welsh Parliament) in Cardiff are Paul Davies and Angela Burns respectively, both Conservatives.[84] Pembrokeshire is served by the Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service[85] and Dyfed-Powys Police.[86] Transport modern bridge spanning a broad river Cleddau Bridge There are no motorways in Pembrokeshire; the nearest is the M4 motorway from London which terminates at the Pont Abraham services in Carmarthenshire some 46 miles (74 km) from Haverfordwest. The A40 crosses Pembrokeshire from the border with Carmarthenshire westwards to Haverfordwest, then northwards to Fishguard.[87] The A477 from St. Clears to Pembroke Dock is 24 miles (39 km) long, of which only 2 miles (3.2 km) are dual carriageway. The Cleddau Bridge, toll-free from 28 March 2019,[88] carries the A477 across the Cleddau Estuary. The A478 traverses eastern Pembrokeshire from Tenby in the south to Cardigan, Ceredigion in the north, a distance of 30 miles (48 km). The A487 is the other major route, running northwest from Haverfordwest to St Davids, then northeast following the coast, through Fishguard and Newport, to the boundary with Ceredigion at Cardigan.[87] Owing to length restrictions in Fishguard, some freight vehicles are not permitted to travel northeast from Fishguard but must take a longer route via Haverfordwest and Narberth.[89] The B4329 former turnpike runs from Eglwyswrw in the north to Haverfordwest across the Preseli Hills.[90] The main towns in the county are covered by regular bus and train services, and many villages by local bus services, or community or education transport.[91] Pembrokeshire is served by rail via the West Wales Lines from Swansea. Direct trains from Milford Haven run to Manchester Piccadilly. Branch lines terminate at Pembroke Dock, Milford Haven and Fishguard, linking with ferries to Ireland from Pembroke Dock and Fishguard.[92] Seasonal ferry services operate from Tenby to Caldey Island,[93] from St Justinians (St Davids) to Ramsey Island[94] and Grassholm Island,[95] and from Martin's Haven to Skomer Island.[96] Haverfordwest (Withybush) Airport provides general aviation services.[97] Economy Pembrokeshire's economy now relies heavily on tourism; agriculture, once its most important industry with associated activities such as milling, is still significant. Mining of slate and coal had largely ceased by the 20th century. Since the 1950s, petrochemical and liquid natural gas industries have developed along the Milford Haven Waterway and the county has attracted other major ventures. In 2016, the Rt. Hon. Stephen Crabb, then Welsh Secretary, commented in a government press release: "...with a buoyant local economy, Pembrokeshire is punching above its weight across the UK."[98] Pembrokeshire County Show, celebrating 60 years at Haverfordwest Showground in August 2019, is the largest three-day such event in Wales. Showcasing agriculture, food and drink, sport, entertainment and other activities, it expected 100,000 visitors.[99] Agriculture Until the 12th century, a great extent of Pembrokeshire was virgin woodland. Clearance in the lowland south began under Anglo-Flemish colonisation and under mediaeval tenancies in other areas. Such was the extent of development that by the 16th century there was a shortage of timber in the county. Little is known about mediaeval farming methods, but much arable land was continuously cropped and only occasionally ploughed. By the 18th century, many of the centuries-old open field systems had been enclosed, and much of the land was arable or rough pasture in a ratio of about 1:3.[100] Solva Woollen Mill Solva Woollen Mill Kelly's Directory of 1910 gave a snapshot of the agriculture of Pembrokeshire: 57,343 acres were cropped (almost half under oats and a quarter barley), there were 37,535 acres of grass and clover and 213,387 acres of permanent pasture (of which a third was for hay). There were 128,865 acres of mountain or heathland used for grazing, with 10,000 acres of managed or unmanaged woodland. Estimates of livestock included 17,810 horses, 92,386 cattle, 157,973 sheep and 31,673 pigs. Of 5,981 agricultural holdings, more than half were between 5 and 50 acres.[101] Pembrokeshire had a flourishing wool industry.[102] There are still working woollen mills at Solva and Tregwynt.[103] One of the last few watermills in Wales producing flour is in St Dogmaels.[104] Pembrokeshire has good soil and benefits from the Gulf Stream, which provides a mild climate and a longer growing season than other parts of Wales.[105]:142 Pembrokeshire's mild climate means that crops such as its new potatoes (which have protected geographical status under European law)[106] often arrive in British shops earlier in the year than produce from other parts of the UK. Other principal arable crops are oilseed rape, wheat and barley, while the main non-arable activities are dairy farming for milk and cheese, beef production and sheep farming.[107] The county lends its name to the Pembroke Welsh Corgi, a herding dog whose lineage can be traced back to the 12th century,[108]:6 but which in 2015 was designated as a "vulnerable" breed.[109] Since 2006, Pembrokeshire Local Action Network for Enterprise and Development (PLANED) has provided a forum to promote an integrated approach to rural development, in which communities, public sector and voluntary partners and specialist interest groups come together to influence policy and promote projects aimed at sustainable agriculture. Sub-groups include promoting food and farming in schools and shortening supply chains.[110] Fishing Milford Haven dock, 2009 With Pembrokeshire's extensive coastal areas and tidal river estuaries, fishing was an important industry at least from the 16th century. Many ports and villages were dependent on the fishing.[111] The former large sea fishing industry around Milford Haven is now greatly reduced, although limited commercial fishing still takes place. At its peak, Milford was landing over 40,000 tons of fish a year.[111] Pembrokeshire Fish Week is a biennial event[112] which in 2014 attracted 31,000 visitors and generated £3 million for the local economy.[113] Mining Slate quarrying was a significant industry in the 19th and early 20th centuries with quarrying taking place at about 100 locations throughout the county.[114] Over 50 coal workings in the Pembrokeshire Coalfield were in existence between the 14th and 20th centuries,[115] with the last coal mine, at Kilgetty, closing in 1950.[9][116] Oil, gas and renewable energy View of power Station Pembroke Power Station in 2013 There are two oil refineries, two liquified natural gas (LNG) terminals and the 2,000 MW gas-fired Pembroke Power Station (opened in 2012) at Milford Haven. The LNG terminals on the north side of the river, just outside Milford Haven were opened in 2008;[117] a 196-mile (316 km) pipeline connecting Milford Haven to Tirley in Gloucestershire was completed in 2007.[118] The two oil refineries are operated by Chevron (formerly Texaco) producing 214,000 bbl/d (34,000 m3/d) and Murco (formerly Amoco/Elf) producing 108,000 bbl/d (17,200 m3/d); the latter was sold to Puma Energy in 2015 with the intention of converting it to a storage facility.[119] At the peak, there were a total of five refineries served from around the Haven: the Esso refinery operated from 1960 to 1983, was demolished in the late 1980s and the site converted into the South Hook LNG terminal; the Gulf Refinery operated from 1968 to 1997 and the site now incorporates the Dragon LNG terminal; BP had an oil terminal at Angle Bay which served its refinery at Llandarcy and operated between 1961 and 1985.[120] The Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority has identified a number of areas in which renewable energy can be, and has been, generated in the county.[121] Following several years of planning after the initial impact studies begun in 2011,[122] the first submarine turbine of three was installed in Ramsey Sound in December 2015.[123] The cumulative impact of single and multiple wind turbines is not without controversy[124] and was the subject of a comprehensive assessment in 2013.[125] In 2011 the first solar energy farm in Wales was installed at Rhosygilwen, Rhoshill with 10,000 panels in a field of 6 acres (2.4 ha), generating 1 MW.[126] Tourism View of Barafundle Beach from a high vantage point Barafundle Beach, a recipient of both the 2019 Seaside and Green Coastal awards Pembrokeshire's tourism portal is Visit Pembrokeshire, run by Pembrokeshire County Council.[127] In 2015 4.3 million tourists visited the county, staying for an average of 5.24 days, spending £585 million; the tourism industry supported 11,834 jobs.[128] Many of Pembrokeshire's beaches have won awards,[129] including Poppit Sands and Newport Sands.[130] In 2018, Pembrokeshire received the most coast awards in Wales, with 56 Blue Flag, Green Coast or Seaside Awards.[131][132] In the 2019 Wales Coast Awards, 39 Pembrokeshire beaches were recognised, including 11 awarded Blue Flag status.[133] The Pembrokeshire coastline is a major draw to tourists; in 2011 National Geographic Traveller magazine voted the Pembrokeshire Coast the second best in the world and in 2015 the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park was listed among the top five parks in the world by a travel writer for the Huffington Post.[134] Countryfile Magazine readers voted the Pembrokeshire Coast the top UK holiday destination in 2018,[135] and in 2019 Consumers' Association members placed Tenby and St Davids in the top three best value beach destinations in Britain.[136] With few large urban areas, Pembrokeshire is a "dark sky" destination.[137] The many wrecks off the Pembrokeshire coast attract divers.[20] The decade from 2012 saw significant, increasing numbers of Atlantic bluefin tuna, not seen since the 1960s, and now seen by some as an opportunity to encourage tourist sport fishing.[138] The county has a number of theme and animal parks (examples are Folly Farm Adventure Park and Zoo, Manor House Wildlife Park, Blue Lagoon Water Park and Oakwood Theme Park), museums and other visitor attractions including Castell Henllys reconstructed Iron Age fort, Tenby Lifeboat Station and Milford Haven's Torch Theatre.[127] There are 21 marked cycle trails around the county.[139] Pembrokeshire Destination Management Plan for 2020 to 2025 sets out the scope and priorities to grow tourism in Pembrokeshire by increasing its value by 10 per cent in the five years, and to make Pembrokeshire a top five UK destination.[140] Culture Flag The flag of Pembrokeshire consists of a yellow cross on a blue field. In the centre of the cross is a green pentagon bearing a red and white Tudor rose. The rose is divided quarterly and counterchanged: the inner and outer roses have alternating red and white quarters.[141][142] Physical heritage exterior of large ecclesiastial building with tower St Davids Cathedral Pembrokeshire has more than 1,600 listed buildings, ranging from mud huts to castles, and including bridges and other ancient and modern structures, under the auspices of Cadw and the County Council.[143] The National Monuments Record of Wales of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales identifies nearly 6,000 sites in Pembrokeshire as worthy of study, preservation and recording, including prehistoric and modern buildings, wrecks and natural features.[144] There are 10 National Trust properties in Pembrokeshire.[145] The arts and media Music festivals in Pembrokeshire include those at St Davids, Fishguard (folk, jazz and the International Music Festival) and Tenby (Blues Festival).[146] Milford Haven's Torch Theatre produces drama, screens films and holds exhibitions of art and crafts,[147] and there is a theatre-cinema in Fishguard (Theatr Gwaun)[148] and a cinema in Haverfordwest.[149] There are museums and art galleries in several locations in the county, including Scolton Manor, Narberth, Tenby, Milford Haven and Fishguard;[150] in Fishguard, the 100 feet (30 m) long Last Invasion Tapestry, commemorating the Battle of Fishguard in 1797, is on display.[151] Pembrokeshire's coastal landscape and wealth of historic buildings has made it a popular location choice for film and television, including Moby Dick at Fishguard, and the final two Harry Potter films at Freshwater West. Others include: YearFilm titleLocationRefs 1940The Thief of BagdadFreshwater West[152] 1956Moby DickFishguard[153] 1961Fury at Smugglers' BayAbereiddy[154] 1968The Lion in WinterPembroke Castle, Marloes Sands, Milford Haven[153] 1972Under Milk WoodFishguard[153] 1977JabberwockyPembroke Castle & Bosherston[155] 1994DragonworldManorbier[156] 1994The Lifeboat (BBC TV)Pembrokeshire Coast[157] 1998BasilTenby, Manorbier, Bosherston[158] 2003Baltic StormFishguard[159] 2003I Capture The CastleManorbier Castle[160] 2008The Edge of LoveTenby & Laugharne[153] 2010Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1Freshwater West[153] 2010Robin HoodFreshwater West[161]:34 2010Third StarBarafundle Bay, Stackpole Estate[162] 2011Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2Freshwater West[163]:52 2012Snow White and the HuntsmanMarloes Sands[164] 2015Under Milk WoodSolva[165] 2015The Bad Education MoviePembroke Castle[166] 2016Their FinestTrecwn, Haverfordwest, Cresswell Quay, Freshwater West, Porthgain[167] 2016Me Before YouPembroke, Pembroke Castle[168] 2020The Pembrokeshire Murders (TV series)Goodwick, Fishguard, Freshwater East, coast path[169][170] There are seven local newspapers based in Pembrokeshire: the Western Telegraph (the largest in Pembrokeshire), The Milford Mercury, Tenby Observer, Pembroke Observer, County Echo and The Pembrokeshire Herald (founded 2013.[171] The Milford Mercury (circulation 3,681) and Western Telegraph (circulation 19,582) are part of the Newsquest group. Radio Pembrokeshire, and several other West Wales radio stations, were broadcast from Narberth until 2016, when they were relocated to the Vale of Glamorgan, while retaining satellite offices at Narberth and Milford Marina.[172][173] Sport As the national sport of Wales, rugby union is widely played throughout the county at both town and village level. Haverfordwest RFC, founded in 1875, is a feeder club for Llanelli Scarlets. Village team Crymych RFC in 2014 plays in WRU Division One West.[174] There are numerous football clubs in the county, playing in five leagues.[175] Triathlon event Ironman Wales has been held in Pembrokeshire since 2011, contributing £3.7 million to the local economy, and the county committed in 2017 to host the event for a further five years.[176] Ras Beca, a mixed road, fell and cross country race attracting UK-wide competitors, has been held in the Preseli Hills annually since 1977. The record of 32 minutes 5 seconds has stood since 1995.[177] Pembrokeshire Harriers athletics club was formed in 2001 by the amalgamation of Cleddau Athletic Club (established 1970) and Preseli Harriers (1989) and is based in Haverfordwest.[178] The annual Tour of Pembrokeshire road-cycling event takes place over routes of optional length.[179] The 4th Tour, in April 2015, attracted 1,600 riders including Olympic gold medallist Chris Boardman[180] and there were 1,500 entrants to the 2016 event.[181] Part of Route 47 of the Celtic Trail cycle route is in Pembrokeshire. The Llys y Fran Hillclimb is an annual event run by Swansea Motor Club,[182] and there are several other county motoring events held each year.[183] Abereiddy's Blue Lagoon was the venue for a round of the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series in 2012,[184] 2013,[185] and 2016;[186] the Welsh Surfing Federation has held the Welsh National Surfing Championships at Freshwater West for several years,[187] and Llys y Fran Country Park hosted the Welsh Dragonboat Championships from 2014 to 2017.[188][189] While not at major league level, cricket is played throughout the county and many villages such as Lamphey, Creselly, Llangwm, Llechryd and Crymych field teams in minor leagues under the umbrella of the Cricket Board of Wales.[190] Notable people Painting of Henry VII in 1505 wearing a gold collar and holding a rose Henry VII (1505) From mediaeval times, Rhys ap Gruffydd (c. 1132-1197), ruler of the kingdom of Deheubarth, was buried in St Davids Cathedral.[191] and Gerald of Wales was born c. 1146 at Manorbier Castle.[192] Henry Tudor (later Henry VII) was born in 1457 at Pembroke Castle.[193] In later military history, Jemima Nicholas, heroine of the so-called "last invasion of Britain" in 1797, was from Fishguard,[194] Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Picton GCB, born in Haverfordwest, was killed at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815[195] and Private Thomas Collins is believed to be the only Pembrokeshire man that fought in the Battle of Rorke's Drift in 1879.[196] In the arts, siblings Gwen and Augustus John were both born in Pembrokeshire,[197]:251–252 as was the novelist Sarah Waters;[198] singer Connie Fisher grew up in Pembrokeshire.[199] Stephen Crabb, a former Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and Secretary of State for Wales, was brought up in Pembrokeshire and is one of the county's two Members of Parliament.[200] Education and health See also: List of schools in Pembrokeshire A comprehensive review of education in Pembrokeshire was carried out in 2014 with a number of options for discussion in 2015.[201] In 2018 there were 58 primary schools, eight secondary schools (two for ages 3-16) and one special school, in all providing education for more than 18,300 pupils. These include 15 Welsh medium primary schools in the county, three dual stream schools and two transition schools; four primary schools are classified as English Welsh schools (English medium schools with significant use of Welsh). In 2017/18, 22 per cent of seven-year-old pupils were educated through the medium of Welsh. This figure was expected to rise to 25 per cent by 2019/20.[202] In 2019, there were two fewer primary schools. The local authority's education budget for 2019/2020 was £88 million, equating to £4,856 per pupil. A February 2020 report by schools' inspection body Estyn, however, considered the local authority's performance in education provision "a significant concern".[203] Pembrokeshire has had a branch of the University of the Third Age (U3A) since 1991 and has a wide range of groups.[204][205][206] exterior of large hospital Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest Health services in the county are provided by Hywel Dda Local Health Board which also provides for Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire. The county's principal hospital is Withybush General Hospital in Haverfordwest,[207] with local hospitals in Tenby[208] and Pembroke Dock.[209] In November 2018, Hywel Dda informed Pembrokeshire's Community Health Council that the county had 38 full-time and 34 part-time GPs.

whale at sunset
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The mountain view ⛰
Hvalfjörður (meaning the fjord of a whale) situated in the west of Iceland between Mosfellsbær and Akranes. The fjord is approximately 30 km long and 5 km wide.